Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

April 22, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a new report on China’s “digital authoritarian playbook” exported to Indo-Pacific countries; Singapore’s first leadership change in 20 years; updates about Bhutan’s ethnic Nepali prisoners of conscience; and a call for ASEAN leaders to lead the charge against “waste colonialism.”

China/Taiwan
Consolidating China’s soft power tactics
China's shifting focus within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) now prioritizes exporting its “digital authoritarianism” across the Indo-Pacific in a bid to create an alternative internet approach that’s based on its model of state dominance.

This was the finding of Article 19’s latest report, “The Digital Silk Road,” which examined China's influence on internet freedom in Cambodia, Malaysia, Nepal, and Thailand (major BRI beneficiaries).

Among others, the report found that China has been using both infrastructure and policy support to reshape these countries’ digital governance, fueling violations of freedom of expression, information, and privacy.

“By expanding its authoritarian model, China aims to ultimately supplant the tenets of internet freedom and rights-based principles of global digital governance,” said Article 19’s Asia digital program manager Michael Caster.

For example, Chinese tech companies led by Huawei, ZTE, and Alibaba have provided infrastructure and equipment used increasingly to surveil and censor its citizens.

Cambodia, Nepal, and Thailand, specifically, have been inspired by China’s digital authoritarianism and are working on their own versions of the Chinese Great Firewall, while Malaysia has been vocally supportive about the Chinese model on digital governance.

This is not the first time that China is facing accusations of exporting its digital repression tools, especially to authoritarian states like Cambodia. Last year, Global Policy Journal reported that China exported its surveillance tech to at least 63 countries. China was also found to be exchanging tactics with Russia on how to track dissent and control the internet.

Such strategies are believed to be part of its broader agenda of unduly influencing other countries through a wide array of soft power tactics – from offering ambitious infrastructure projects and loans to developing nations to even outright information warfare.

These tactics, according to a 2023 paper from the Journal of Democracy, were part of an “antidemocratic toolkit” that includes using nongovernmental organizations, media outlets, diplomats, advisors, hackers and bribes, “to prop up autocrats and sow discord in democracies.” “Xi sees rolling back democracy overseas as part of his plan to secure his regime at home,” the paper added.

Some countries, however, have proven resilient, such as when Taiwan staved off Beijing-sanctioned online disinformation to sway voters against the island nation’s Democratic Progressive Party, which has advocated independence.
Protesters march in Pasadena, California to call on China to “tear down (its) great firewall” on Jan. 18, 2009, nine years after Asia’s economic giant began to build what would later become one of the world’s most sophisticated internet censorship systems. (Photo: Shutterstock / Jose Gil)
Image is not available
Singapore
Testing Singapore’s formula to prosperity
Singapore will soon be seeing its first leadership change in 20 years after its longtime prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong, announced he would step down and hand over the reins to a deputy who has so far given little indication of how he would approach governance.

In a statement on April 15, Lee affirmed his earlier promise to retire – pushed back because of the COVID-19 pandemic – by May 15 and to give way to his successor, Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence Wong.

The incumbent prime minister and son of Lee Kuan Yew, dubbed modern Singapore’s founding father, explained that allowing Wong to take over before the national polls would allow the latter to “win his own mandate and take the country forward,” AP reported.

Rising to national prominence during Singapore's fight against COVID-19, Lawrence Wong is poised to become the city-state's fourth leader since independence in 1965. He was named the younger Lee’s successor in 2022 and has since played a key role in shaping Singapore's foreign and fiscal policies.

The changing leadership comes as the city-state’s ruling People’s Action Party (of which Lee and Wong are both members) took a hit to its erstwhile “squeaky-clean” image after several of its officials became implicated in corruption allegations.

This is a big deal in Singapore, which consistently ranks among the world’s least corrupt nations and whose government officials are among the world’s best paid.

Observers are curious about Wong, who would be only the second person outside the Lee family to lead the city-state in its history. While he has been a civil servant for 14 years with an impressive portfolio, it has been difficult to figure out his actual political vision.

This was in stark contrast to the elder Lee, considered a benevolent dictator who had transformed the once-impoverished city-state into one of the wealthiest nations since he rose to power as prime minister in 1959.

Political scientist Ja Ian Chong said there was still “some degree of worry about the next generation of leaders. While they look impressive on paper, there is no real sense of who they are and how they will perform when tested.”

For the opposition Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Wong represents a “different person but same story.” If his party, the ruling People’s Action Party, refuses to govern with “openness and democracy instead of its archaic practice of intimidation and manipulation,” he is likely to “continue to lead Singapore without clear direction,” it said in a statement.
Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, seen here during the October 2019 Eurasian Economic Council, will be stepping down after 20 years in power to pave the way for the “fourth generation” of People’s Action Party leaders. (Photo: Shutterstock / Asatur Yesayants)
Image is not available
Bhutan
Image is not available
Trailing a spotlight on a forgotten issue
The Bhutanese government is facing fresh appeals for the release of ethnic Nepalis, called Lhotshampas, still held prisoner by the South Asian country for three decades since they were targeted by an ethnic cleansing campaign.

In an April 19 report from the South China Morning Post, local rights organizations and the prisoners’ families say many of them were basically incommunicado, living in squalid jails, or tortured while serving life sentences over alleged national security offenses.

Nepali ethnic groups migrated south into Bhutan during the 1800s in search of a better life and employment opportunities, and many became Nepalese citizens under the 1958 law. But their growth and political party worried Bhutan's Ngalong rulers, who feared cultural and political change.

In the late 1970s, the government started enacting increasingly discriminatory policies targeting Nepali-speaking Lhotshampas, Human Rights Watch said. Most of the cases against the Nepali prisoners actually stem from the pro-democracy protests staged by Lhotshampa activists during the 1990s, when Bhutan adopted its “one nation, one people” policy that basically discriminated against the Lhotshampa and other minorities.

It’s currently unclear how many of them there are – HRW in 2023 estimated at least 37, but different human rights organizations believe there are at least 50 to 100 still held as prisoners in Nepal. Since 1992, the majority of the ethnic Nepalis were expelled or forced to flee to Nepal, which then resettled them to a third country between 2007 and 2017.

Even now, the government refuses to drop its narrative that these political prisoners were criminals, said University of Sydney associate professor Susan Banki. In fact, Bhutanese law refers to them as “rajbandi” (state or royal prisoners), and are forced to serve life sentences without parole – a stark irony from its global image espousing “gross national happiness.”

Moreover, even though a liberal leadership was elected in January 2023, “there hasn’t been much progress on the release of the political prisoners, [and the] government of Bhutan has not had a public position on this issue or acknowledged its political prisoners,” echoed Deekshya Illangasinghe, executive director of South Asians for Human Rights.

Bhutan does have a history of granting amnesty to political prisoners, such as when Jigme Singye Wangchuck granted amnesty to 40 political prisoners in 1999. In 2022, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck pardoned another life-sentenced political prisoner.
Bhutanese King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, seen here arriving at an Indian temple for prayer on Nov. 3, 2023, has so far exercised his pardon on only one ethnic Nepali political prisoner even though at least 40 are believed to still be jailed since the 1990s. (Photo: Shutterstock / Hafiz Ahmed)
Global/Regional
Image is not available
Ending waste colonialism
This week all eyes are on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to take a firm stand against “waste colonialism” as the world’s governments prepare to meet in Canada to draft the first-ever global treaty on plastic pollution.

On April 18, 100 civil and environmental groups signed an open letter to the ASEAN leadership urging the latter to negotiate a strong, binding treaty that addresses the full life cycle of plastics and  ensures the just transition, compensation and remediation for marginalized communities impacted by plastic pollution.

The groups argued that Southeast Asia bears the brunt of plastic pollution from production to disposal. Coincidentally, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime recently issued a report detailing how the Global North illegally dumps its waste in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Environmentalists call this “waste colonialism,” where Global North countries shift their responsibility to dispose of their own waste to the Global South by exploiting their lack of regulatory mechanisms and weak oversight. Similarly, groups making up the  #BreakFreeFromPlastic global movement have contested reports citing Southeast Asian nations as the world’s biggest contributor to plastic pollution while ignoring the Global North’s role in overproduction and disposal.

“It is essential that Southeast Asian leaders challenge the false narratives that blame our region for contributing to ocean plastic pollution while disregarding the impact of their plastic waste exports to us, and the fact that the biggest plastic polluters are large FMCG corporations from the Global North,” they said in the letter.

The ASEAN leaders are set to meet with other governments at the U.N. Environmental Assembly from April 23 to 29 to develop a legally binding agreement to curb plastics. Many see it as the most important deal that could bring the world one step closer to achieving the 2015 Paris Agreement to keep global temperatures from rising beyond 1.5 degrees.

Plastics, which are made from and by oil and natural gas, are also fueling the climate crisis further. Being a carbon-intensive product, it accounts for nearly 5 percent of the world’s total annual greenhouse gas emissions and even surpasses the emissions of most developing nations in Asia, which is among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
Plastic is seen strewn across Kuta beach in Bali, Indonesia, which is one of the most affected by plastic pollution in Southeast Asia. (Photo: Shutterstock / Maxim Blinkov)
April 22, 2024
April 22, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a new report on China’s “digital authoritarian playbook” exported to Indo-Pacific countries; Singapore’s first leadership change in 20 years; updates about Bhutan’s ethnic Nepali prisoners of conscience; and a call for ASEAN leaders to lead the charge against “waste colonialism.”

April 15, 2024
April 15, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the disappearing native languages of Taiwan; Singapore’s crackdown on arms exports to Myanmar; a renewed campaign for transitional justice in Nepal; and the challenges of dealing with worsening heat waves in Asia, especially for children.

April 8, 2024
April 8, 2024

This week, we take a look at the first-ever apology of an academic society to Japan’s indigenous Ainu people; the continuing impunity in Laos’ cases of enforced disappearances; the harrowing ordeal of Nepalese migrant workers who are coming back home with chronic kidney disease; and the need to increase health care spending beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

April 1, 2024
April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

previous arrow
next arrow