Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia’s shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

Indonesia
A delicate balancing act
More than 200 Rohingya refugees fleeing Bangladesh’s refugee camps arrived on the shores of Indonesia last Nov. 21, fueling fears of a potential refugee crisis in the Southeast Asian nation.

The latest arrivals bring to almost 1,000 the total number of desperate Rohingya refugees who have landed in Indonesia’s westernmost province Aceh in the last week alone. Angry locals initially wanted to push back the refugees.

Authorities, however, have agreed to relocate them by ferry to a temporary shelter at an old immigration building in Lhokseumawe City in Aceh, according to the U.N. Refugee Agency (UNHCR).

Aceh has previously embraced Rohingya refugees fleeing the brutality of Myanmar’s junta forces before the latter seized power in 2021. These atrocities were detailed in a 2018 U.N. report, which accused the Tatmadaw, the Burmese army, of carrying out a genocide of the Muslim minority group.

Many of them risk their lives at sea – often onboard flimsy boats, without enough food or water – to try to reach Malaysia or Indonesia. While the latter is not a signatory to the 1951 U.N. refugee convention that obligates member-parties to help refugees, it does have a “long tradition” of hosting refugees, according to the U.N. Refugee Agency (UNHCR). As of November 2022, 55 percent of the 12,616 refugees hosted by Indonesia come from Afghanistan, while 6 percent are from Myanmar.

Between 2009 and 2023, Aceh has seen about 30 boat arrivals but the frequency has increased since the February 2021 coup that unseated the civilian government of Aung San Suu Kyi.

Now the region has been seeing “four or five boats arriving annually,” according to Azharul Husna, coordinator of the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) in Aceh.

In 2017, Indonesian President Joko Widodo signed a presidential regulation concerning the refugee situation in the country. However, experts assailed it for creating a “permanent temporariness” for the refugees, devoid as it was of a pathway allowing them to stay.
Rohingya refugees fleeing sordid makeshift refugee camps in Bangladesh by boat wait for help while on arrival in Aceh, Indonesia, on Nov. 17, 2022. (Photo: Shutterstock / Muhammad Alfian_24)
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South Korea
A glimmer of hope
Even in their twilight years, South Korea’s “comfort women” – who were forced to work as sex slaves for the Japanese military during World War II – have never given up hope that they would eventually be given justice.

On Nov. 23, a South Korean appellate court finally handed them an overdue victory by ordering Japan to pay a group of 16 victims some 200 million won (US$154,000) as compensation.

With this ruling, the appeals court overturned a 2021 lower court decision dismissing the case on the grounds that South Korea has no jurisdiction over the case due to “sovereign immunity.”

Under this principle, a state is immune from the jurisdiction of a court of another country. But the appellate court said this principle could not be invoked in the case at hand since the victims were South Korea’s own citizens.

It’s a significant victory for the women, who were subjected to repeated rape, torture, and physical abuse by Japanese soldiers during the war. But the South Korean court decision is likely to further strain relations between the two countries, which have a long history of animosity dating back to Japan's colonization of the Korean Peninsula from 1910 to 1945.

Tokyo called the ruling "extremely regrettable and absolutely unacceptable" and vowed not to comply with it. It also maintained that the issue of comfort women has already been settled in a 2015 agreement between the two countries, which saw Tokyo donating 1 billion yen (US$6.7 million) to Seoul to establish a foundation supporting the women.

The agreement was supposed to be “final and irreversible”. However, in 2018, the South Korean administration of then President Moon Jae-in declared it flawed for failing to take into consideration the views of the victims. While it said it would no longer renegotiate the deal, Seoul vowed to “make every effort to recover the victims’ honor and dignity,” and come up with a “solution centered on the victims.”

In response, Japan’s foreign minister at the time, Taro Kono, rejected calls for any “further measures from Japan” and urged Seoul to honor the deal.

In the meantime, caught in this unending struggle over war crimes compensation are the surviving comfort women whose decades-long pursuit of justice is still fraught with uncertainty.
Fresh flowers adorn the “Statue of Peace” – also known as the “comfort women” statue – which stands in front of the Embassy of Japan in South Korea as a reminder of the gruesome horrors endured by wartime sex slaves under the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. (Photo: Shutterstock / Yeongsik Im)
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Pakistan
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A setback for jail trial
The Islamabad High Court in Pakistan has declared the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan as illegal, according to his lawyers, in a decision that may have far-reaching implications on Pakistani politics.

On Nov. 21, Khan’s lawyer Naeem Panjutha said on social media that the court had ruled against the in-jail trial of Khan, who is facing charges of leaking state secrets.

Al Jazeera reported that it was not yet clear what the court ruling could mean for the ongoing trial, but it is “expected to be clarified by a court order” once it’s out.

It’s a partial victory for Khan, who became Pakistan’s prime minister in 2018 until he was ousted from office by a no-confidence vote in Parliament in 2022. He was also barred from holding any position in the National Assembly, the lower house of Islamabad’s parliament, and is currently embroiled in at least 150 cases.

Khan described the charges against him as a political ploy to silence him and prevent him from returning to power. His fall – while shocking for some – does have some historical precedent.

His case reflects the extent of power wielded by the Pakistan Army, which has been the de facto rulers of the country for almost half its history. Short of a coup, the generals have jealously guarded their control over the government by playing kingmaker – including when it supported Khan’s run for prime minister in 2018 – only to withdraw its support years later.

To this day, no elected leader in Pakistan has ever completed a full term, while all past five prime ministers have faced convictions or imprisonment, usually after falling from the graces of Pakistan’s generals. Meanwhile, the military has been accused of perpetrating human rights violations, including the arrests, enforced disappearances, torture and even killings of activists, journalists and religious minorities.

Khan’s case, however, could test the military’s hold on power. Recent surveys show that the former cricket player remains a widely popular figure despite his ouster, with more than half of Pakistanis holding the incumbent government led by the Pakistan Democratic Movement as responsible for the current economic crisis besetting the country.
Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan comes out of the Islamabad High Court after a hearing last March 27, 2023 on charges that he had leaked state secrets. (Photo: Shutterstock / Syed Fateh Ali Gillani)
Global/Regional
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Sexism in corruption
It appears gender inequality not only shuts out women and girls from key social services, but is also exacerbated by corruption, bribery, and “sextortion” practices.

This was the surprising finding of a new report by Transparency International, which sought to highlight how gender norms, inequalities, and power dynamics in four case countries in the Asia-Pacific (Cambodia, Fiji, Indonesia and Sri Lanka) could shape women’s experiences with corruption.

Released on Nov. 22, the report titled “Corruption through a Gendered Lens: Understanding the Link between Gender and Corruption in Asia” found that women – especially those from rural areas – were more likely than men to pay bribes to access essential public services like health care and education. They were also likely to fall victim to “sextortion,” or demands for sexual favors.

These practices, the report said, have made it more difficult for women to access education, employment, and justice. As such, Transparency International called on governments to make anti-corruption policies more gender-sensitive, such as by improving reporting mechanisms and prosecution of cases so more victims of sextortion can come forward.

The report is one of few research efforts that seek to explore the gendered impacts of corruption. A similar 2014 study by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe argued that women were not only greater targets of corrupt practices but were also at greater risks of disenfranchisement and poverty if they did not pay bribes for specific services.

All these undermine the world’s efforts to achieve the 16 U.N. Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. One of these goals seeks to reduce all forms of corruption, which diverts resources away from essential services. It also exacerbates inequality and hinders economic growth.

The 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, also by Transparency International, showed that while several Asian nations were making headway against petty corruption, grand corruption continued to thrive.

A 2021 U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) study, “The Time Is Now: Addressing the Gender Dimensions of Corruption," showed that strengthening gender equality is one of the ways to curb corruption. It said, “women in leadership roles have been shown to be more motivated and invested in addressing aspects of corruption that are closer to their own reality,” citing areas such public health and education.
A new report by Transparency International shows that women in the Asia-Pacific region are more vulnerable to bribery and “sextortion” practices. (Photo: Shutterstock / oldbunyip)
November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

November 28, 2022
November 28, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Apple’s albatross; an unfolding catastrophe for Afghan children; the new UN treaty to end the age of pernicious plastics; and the good news for Singapore’s gig workers.

November 21, 2022
November 21, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the youth from the Global South who made the most of their seat at the table at COP27; the Thai police who show zero tolerance for peaceful protests; the attacks on press freedom in South Korea; and the too-few Nepali women in the political arena.

November 14, 2022
November 14, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the Philippines’ human rights in the spotlight; the modern slaves behind football’s biggest party; the harmful practice endured by women and girls in Asia; and the new mandatory disclosures that can close the gender pay gap in Japan.

November 7, 2022
November 7, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the shocking impunity of murderers of media workers; Pyongyang’s record-breaking missile barrage; a call to starve Myanmar’s military junta of fuel for its deadly air attacks; and the landmark ruling that banned a traumatic test in India.

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