Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore’s new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

Japan
Belated admissions
Months after denying reports of handcuffing pregnant inmates while they were in labor, the Japanese government has finally admitted using restraint against jailed women in delivery rooms – violating its own directive and a number of international human rights conventions.

According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), during a parliamentary session on Feb. 8, Justice Minister Ryuji Koizumi informed lawmakers that the justice ministry had identified six violations from 2014-2022 of a government regulation prohibiting the use of body shackles on female inmates during childbirth. A department order issued in 2014 outlawed the shackling of female prisoners during labor.

Under Rule 48 of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (otherwise known as the Mandela Rules), “instruments of restraint shall never be used on women during labour, childbirth and immediately after birth.” Similarly, the U.N. Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules), which supplement the Mandela Rules, prohibit the use of restraints on women during labor and immediately after birth.

Article 10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Japan ratified in 1979, states that “all persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.”

Authorities’ recent revelation confirms HRW’s findings in a report released in November 2023 documenting abuses endured by incarcerated women in Japan. It includes testimonies from two former inmates in 2017 and 2018, describing instances when women were handcuffed to hospital beds during childbirth.

On being notified of HRW’s findings last year, which were based on interviews with almost 60 formerly imprisoned women, Japanese authorities twice denied the use of restraint against pregnant inmates, but later admitted that jailed pregnant women were handcuffed upon entry and exit of delivery rooms.

The HRW findings underscore the difficulties female inmates face within a prison system that is notorious for abuses and negligence of prisoners’ rights – a recurring issue in Japan’s harsh penal system.

Beyond Japan, mistreatment of pregnant women inmates still happens in other parts of the world, including the United States and Canada.
Japan has finally admitted to at least six violations of a 2014 government order that bars the use of shackles against pregnant inmates during labor. (Photo: Shutterstock / gbbot)
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Singapore
Indefinite jail time
Singapore’s newly passed law allowing the indefinite detention of "dangerous offenders" beyond completion of their prison sentences has understandably drawn concerns from legal experts and critics around potential infringement on due process and the effectiveness of rehabilitative justice.

The Sentence for Enhanced Public Protection (SEPP), passed on Feb. 5, targets individuals who are at risk of criminal recidivism, covering those aged 21 and above convicted of serious crimes like culpable homicide, rape, and child sexual abuse.

After offenders serve a mandatory minimum jail term of five to 20 years, the Minister for Home Affairs will assess whether they “pose a threat” upon release. If deemed a continuing risk, they face the possibility of a longer stay behind bars, even for life.

Proponents of the law, including Law and Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam, have hailed it as a necessary step to safeguarding the public. But some legal experts have raised concerns that subjecting offenders to yearly assessments with no promises of release infringes on their right to due process.

When the government first announced the proposed law in 2022, criminal lawyers urged Parliament to exercise "utmost caution" with the measure.

Lawyer Gino Hardial Singh, founder of Abbots Chambers law firm, said offenders’ “uncertainty” about their release date could make them more reluctant to take up rehabilitation, according to a Today report.

When Shanmugan announced that the ministry was studying the proposed law in 2022, he conceded that the United Kingdom's attempt to have a similar approach produced “mixed results,” but he also said that he believes the government "can make it work."

The official was referring to the U.K.’s imprisonment for public protection (IPP) sentences introduced in 2005, which similarly detained “dangerous” criminals with indeterminate sentences until a parole board deemed them safe for release.

The measure, described by British officials as "the greatest single stain" on the country's criminal justice system, led to significant psychological harm to offenders, high rates of self-harm, and even suicides among offenders.

International human rights norms also clearly draw the line at keeping people jailed without a clear timeline. Article 9 of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights states that no person shall be subjected to "arbitrary arrest, detention or exile." In its jurisprudence, the U.N. Human Rights Committee explained that detention which is initially legal may become "arbitrary" if unduly prolonged or not subjected to periodic review.
A sign that warns against the penalties for illegal behavior is displayed in Singapore, where a new law allows certain types of offenders to be locked up indefinitely. (Photo: Shutterstock / TravellingFatman)
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Pakistan
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Election turmoil
Political chaos is gripping Pakistan after the outcome of its parliamentary elections on Feb. 8 delivered a stunning rebuke to the more than three-decade-long rule of the powerful military establishment.

Independent candidates loyal to jailed former Prime Minister Imran Khan clinched the most number of seats in the polls – an outcome that defies most traditional election forecasts. However, the actual results remain inconclusive after none of the three participating parties clinched a simple majority.

The Khan-allied party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insa (PTI) has urged its supporters to contest alleged vote-rigging that they say prevented them from a sure win, prompting police warnings of crackdowns on "illegal gatherings" near election commission and government offices amid countrywide protests.

Before election day, the government had been clamping down hard on Khan’s camp. Ousted in 2022 and then jailed in 2023, Khan was essentially uninstalled by a military establishment keen on dampening support for him and his allies in the lead-up to election day. Just a week before election day, Khan was handed two sentences of 10 and 12 years each in what is largely seen as an attempt to cripple him and his party.

Pakistan’s independent human rights commission also warned in January that there was little chance of a free and fair election because of “pre-poll rigging” after authorities rejected Khan and most of his partymates’ candidacies. Other nations have called for a probe on the "lack of a level playing field" in the polls.

Despite their efforts, the military’s goals of a sweeping victory have been thwarted by Khan-backed candidates who "harnessed the anger of disenfranchised voters" and leveraged discontent against the military, wrote Pakistani journalist Atika Rehman for Prospect.

However, Pakistan’s political future remains in flux. It remains to be seen how the military – which has historically exercised control over Pakistan’s civilian governments, leading to no single elected prime minister ever finishing a full term – will deal with the current civil unrest and political negotiations.

All this is also taking place in a country “desperate” for some stability amid a weak economy, said Abdul Basit, a researcher at the S Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore in an Al Jazeera report.

“But with these results, only a messy set-up will come up, and stability will continue to remain elusive,” Basit said.
Supporters of Pakistan's former Prime Minister Imran Khan remove tear gas shells fired by police to disperse them during a protest against the arrest of their leader, in Lahore, Pakistan, May 10, 2023. (Photo: Shutterstock / Murtaza.Ali)
Global/Regional
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Rare worker defiance
As many as 3,000 North Korean workers in China reportedly staged protests last month due to unpaid wages, researchers and news reports say.

South Korea's intelligence agency said that poor working conditions among North Koreans overseas have led to “incidents and accidents.”

Since last month, reports have been circulating that thousands of North Korean workers rioted in China in a rare sign of unrest triggered by unpaid salaries, according to two South Korean government-affiliated researchers, including a former North Korean diplomat.

In a Feb. 9 report, BBC got ahold of more details about the rare act of collective defiance among North Koreans through an interview with Ko Young Hwan, a former North Korean worker in China.

Ko said that he heard from an undisclosed source that the workers began to stage demonstrations in January after learning that years' worth of their unpaid wages were used to pay off the building of weapons in Pyongyang.

Ko and Cho Han-beom, a senior researcher at the South Korean government think tank, Korea Institute for National Unification, similarly said that based on their sources, the workers were told they would receive their wages after they returned home. However, when they found out that they would not get paid, they erupted into mass protests.

Angry workers assaulted North Korean officials and broke sewing machines and kitchen utensils, Ko added.

Around 2,500 workers are believed to have rioted across 15 factories in Jilin province in China, making this possibly the largest known protest in North Korea's history, Cho added.

Even if they are permitted to seek employment overseas, North Korea' workers abroad face limited options and their movements are under state surveillance. Pyongyang tightly controls these workers, seizing as much as 90 percent of their wages for government funding, according to the 2023 U.S. State Department Trafficking in Persons Report.

In total, workers are believed to have forked over to Pyongyang a whopping $750 million in total between 2017 and 2023 — reason enough for North Korea to insist on sending workers abroad despite a U.N. resolution that mandates their repatriation by the end of 2019, which China supported.

The resolution was passed in 2017 to prevent North Korea from earning foreign currency that will pump funding into its nuclear and ballistic missile programs.
A factory in North Korea can be seen across the Yalu River in China, where as many as 3,000 North Korean workers in China have held riots to protest their unpaid wages. (Photo: Shutterstock / Shota Tokuda)
February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

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