Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

Read more below.

Global/Regional
Putting a stopper on POGOs
In a raid by Philippine police last week, thousands of suspected human trafficking victims were rescued from a fraud offshore gaming operator.

While most of the victims were Filipino nationals, many were lured from abroad, including China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. According to a report by The Straits Times, these foreign nationals were recruited through a Facebook post and had been given free food and accommodations, along with monetary compensation, in exchange for 12-hour shifts.

Despite the gambling front, local authorities suspect that these gaming operators are only being used as a cover for illegal schemes, such as cryptocurrency or romance scams. The raid was conducted in a compound owned by the Chinese firm Xinchuang Network Technology. Officials have not yet determined who the perpetrators are – or what they plan to do with the rescued foreigners.

Human trafficking has long been a persistent problem in the country, especially as regards Philippine offshore gaming operators, colloquially referred to as POGOs. Driven away by strict online gambling restrictions in China, these online casinos have set up hubs in the Philippines but cater primarily to overseas clients.

The POGO industry flourished under the term of former President Rodrigo Duterte, who defended the gambling firms and even touted its economic benefits.

Citing data from the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR), the main gaming regulatory body in the country, Esquire Philippines reported that in 2016, when Duterte rose to power, these offshore casinos generated Php 657 million (US$11.88 million) for the regulating body. This revenue jumped to Php 3.924 billion (US$71 million) in 2017 and Php 7.365 billion (US$1.3 billion) in 2018.

Toward the end of his term, however, driven by the government’s poor pandemic response, many POGOs fled the Philippines and settled in neighboring countries such as Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

As a result, human trafficking spiked in the region. Citing these countries, Interpol warned of an impending crisis, with victims being taken to as far as “South America, East Africa and Western Europe,” according to a report by Asia Gaming Brief. The U.S. State Department has even singled out Cambodia as a high-risk country for businesses seeking to invest money, with high rates of casino- and gambling-related laundering, corruption and trafficking.

Tackling such a sprawling and complex problem requires cross-border and multidimensional approaches, said Mely Caballero-Anthony, head, Center for Non-Traditional Security, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in an article for the International Monetary fund.

“A comprehensive, more human-centered approach compels us to delve deeper into the other drivers of human trafficking, including poverty, severe exploitation, and political repression,” Caballero-Anthony wrote.
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South Asia
Leading South Asia’s charge on same-sex marriage
A Supreme Court order last week may put Nepal on the leading edge of South Asia’s push for gender equality.

In response to a petition filed by seven individuals, including the activist Pinky Gurung of the LGBT rights group Blue Diamond Society, Justice Til Prasad Shrestha issued an interim order that temporarily allows the registration of same-sex marriages. The petitioners filed their writ with the Prime Minster and the Office of the Council of Ministers.

Shrestha order also allows for a 15-day window for opponents of same-sex marriage to submit their written response.

Nepal’s Supreme Court had already ruled, 15 years ago, that same-sex couples can legally get married in the country. This was followed by a 2012 ruling that allowed a lesbian couple to live together. In 2015, Nepal also enshrined the equal rights of sexual and gender minorities into its Constitution, though specifically providing for same-sex marriage was not codified.

Still, the country’s systems and implementations have not only been slow to follow, but also at times have even gone contrary to these protections. In August 2018, Nepal enacted its National Code, which explicitly defined marriage as between a man and a woman. Sexual minorities also continue to face discrimination, which can often turn violent.

With last week’s Supreme Court ruling, however, Nepal follows in the footsteps of Taiwan, which in 2019 became the first country in a largely conservative Asia to allow same-sex marriage.

The rest of South Asia remains rabidly opposed to same-sex marriage. In India, for example, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s majority Hindu government has called the idea “urban elitist” and not “comparable with the Indian family unit concept,” ahead of a looming Supreme Court decision on the matter. The South Asian superpower decriminalized gay sex in 2018, but discrimination remains rampant.
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Northeast Asia
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Under the pretext of education
Despite having already earned the international community’s ire for its atrocious human rights record and aggressive posturing over Taiwan and the South China Sea, it appears that China is still eager to enact even more repressive policies.

Last week, Radio Free Asia revealed that Beijing was poised to implement a People’s Republic of China patriotism education program targeting the small island nation, along with Macau and Hong Kong. While ostensibly a measure to improve the public’s understanding and appreciation of China’s historical and cultural background, experts point out that the program’s objective is more political in nature.

“The [Chinese] state will take measures to enact historical and cultural education … to allow more people in the special regions of Hong Kong, Macau and our compatriots in Taiwan to recognize and identify with the state, and the traditional zhonghua [Chinese, 中華] culture, allowing them to consciously uphold the unification of the country, and the unity of the people,” according to a draft of the article, as reported by Taipei Times.

The draft of the legislation is being reviewed by the Chinese National People’s Congress.

While this educational initiative will apply to the greater China region, its effects will hit Taiwan the hardest. In recent years, Beijing has ramped up its reunification agenda, which Taiwan has vehemently opposed. The rising tensions between the two states has garnered much attention – and concern – from the international community, increasingly worried that the Northeast Asian giant might resort to force to exercise its control over Taiwan.

Seizing the opportunity to limit China’s growing influence on global politics, the U.S. has taken Taiwan’s side and has even said that it would defend the island in case of Chinese invasion. Beijing, meanwhile, has insisted that it will exhaust all peaceful means to reunify with Taiwan, though more forceful approaches remain on the table.
Southeast Asia
Biodiversity push still wanting
After three years of work from environmental professionals and advocacy groups, Laos finally passed a new policy on protected areas last week, providing strong safeguards for its biodiversity-rich areas.

As reported by Vientiane Times, this new decree provided formal recognition for protected areas and conformed their categorization (as national, provincial, etc.) with international standards, which enables better control over the protections and activities allowed in each area. The new law also adopts a “Guardian Village” approach that involves surrounding communities in the protection of these areas.

A governmental agency – called the Protected Areas Management Office – will also be formalized under the new decree. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry will be centrally in charge of protected areas, particularly those that span two or more provinces and those that are classified as regional or international.

A roadmap for the policy’s implementation is currently being prepared.

While the new protected-areas policy is indeed a win for Laos’s environmental lobby, it appears to overlook several areas of concern, including illegal logging and tourism, which the World Bank has identified as major conservation challenges.

Beyond biodiversity and wildlife preservation, several glaring issues still persist and are, for the most part, being ignored by the government. Air pollution, for instance, remains a pressing problem for the Southeast Asian nation – often with deadly consequences.

In an essay, Ketmany Vilayvong, Head of Solutions Mapping, Accelerator Lab, United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Lao PDR, pointed out that PM2.5 air pollution in Laos was at an estimated 37.1 tons in 2019, according to data from the Global Disease Study. In turn, more than 8,000 people died due to air pollution in the same year.

The UNDP is working on policy solutions to combat air pollution in Laos, which involve a bottom-up and people-centric approach to legislation and implementation.
July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

November 28, 2022
November 28, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Apple’s albatross; an unfolding catastrophe for Afghan children; the new UN treaty to end the age of pernicious plastics; and the good news for Singapore’s gig workers.

November 21, 2022
November 21, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the youth from the Global South who made the most of their seat at the table at COP27; the Thai police who show zero tolerance for peaceful protests; the attacks on press freedom in South Korea; and the too-few Nepali women in the political arena.

November 14, 2022
November 14, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the Philippines’ human rights in the spotlight; the modern slaves behind football’s biggest party; the harmful practice endured by women and girls in Asia; and the new mandatory disclosures that can close the gender pay gap in Japan.

November 7, 2022
November 7, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the shocking impunity of murderers of media workers; Pyongyang’s record-breaking missile barrage; a call to starve Myanmar’s military junta of fuel for its deadly air attacks; and the landmark ruling that banned a traumatic test in India.

October 31, 2022
October 31, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the return of a global killer; the appalling forced deportations in Malaysia and Thailand; China’s worldwide network of illegal police stations; and the future of farming in Bangladesh.

October 17, 2022
October 17, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a baby step forward for LGBTQ rights in Japan; a neglected epidemic in Cambodia; the countries in Asia that cling to the death penalty; and hope for mental health sufferers in India.

October 10, 2022
October 10, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the false narrative that endangers transgenders in Pakistan; why Indonesia is one of the most dangerous countries in which to attend a football game; education under attack in Asia; and the foiled debate on China’s widespread human rights abuses in Xinjiang.

October 3, 2022
October 3, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the construction workers in Hong Kong who are dying on the job; the South Asian country where many ferry passengers risk drowning and death; the human rights defenders who risk reprisals; and a sweet victory for an under-supported changemaker in the Philippines.

September 26, 2022
September 26, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: sobering statistics about women’s lives on the brink; the country where women are stalked and killed; a blocked citizenship law in Nepal; and the faint silver lining in Myanmar’s humanitarian crisis.

September 19, 2022
September 19, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the global rise in forced marriages; the risks brought about by digital identity systems such as India’s Aadhar; the Southeast Asian country that doesn’t deserve a seat in the UN Human Rights Council; and a ray of hope for foreigners detained in Japan’s immigration centers.

September 12, 2022
September 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the alarming spike in house arrests under Chinese President Xi Jinping’s rule; the community at risk of genocide in Afghanistan; the millions deprived of the right to read; and Cambodia’s learning gardens.

September 5, 2022
September 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: how extreme heat has led to occupational safety lapses worldwide; how North Korea used the coronavirus to increasingly repress the rights of its people; the weaponization of Sri Lanka’s Prevention of Terrorism Act against peaceful protesters; and Thailand’s innovative approach to curb teenage pregnancy.

August 29, 2022
August 29, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the real roadblocks to fair COVID-19 vaccine distribution; the first step to ending torture in Pakistan; a bittersweet victory for Singapore’s LGBT activists; and the campaign to combat China’s disinformation in Taiwan.

August 22, 2022
August 22, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: China’s chilling psywar tactic; the lowest-paid workers in Bangladesh; Cambodia’s ground zero for human trafficking; and why FIFA and Qatar owe abused migrant workers US$440 million in reparations.

August 15, 2022
August 15, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Indonesia’s repressive hijab rules; the plight of Seoul’s basement dwellers; the Afghan evacuees trapped by red tape; and the crucial role of Indigenous women as keepers of knowledge.

August 8, 2022
August 8, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a setback in Malaysian mothers’ campaign against an unequal citizenship law; Japan’s flawed program that has become a breeding ground for abuse; the heavy toll of water scarcity in Bangladesh; and the women who eat last and least.

August 1, 2022
August 1, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a discriminatory lockdown in Taiwan; the endless wait for justice for victims of wartime atrocities in Nepal; a new law that is a betrayal of public health in the Philippines; and alarming news about the other deadly virus.

July 25, 2022
July 25, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a “zero click” Trojan horse attacking the phones of Thai activists; the heavy-handed tactics of Sri Lanka’s new government; the bleak picture for freedom of expression in Asia; and the fresh hell inflicted by Pyongyang on harried North Koreans.

July 18, 2022
July 18, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an app update that may increase state control in Hong Kong; the serious risk to Myanmar’s democracy activists; the depressing news in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report for 2022; and Afghanistan’s secret schools for girls.

July 11, 2022
July 11, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a landmark ruling against modern slavery; a massive data breach that exposed the personal data of 1 billion Chinese; a faint glimmer of hope for Pakistan’s victims of enforced disappearances; and a contentious Indonesian draft law that would promote — not prevent — rights violations.

July 4, 2022
July 4, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: India’s travel bans on journalists; South Korea’s bad bosses; Asia’s worst countries for workers in 2022; and a promising uptick in financial inclusion worldwide.

June 27, 2022
June 27, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a historic wage hike for garment workers in Pakistan’s Sindh province; the U.S. law which bans the import of goods made with forced labor from China’s Xinjiang region; the Asian countries that keep their citizens in the dark; and Vietnam’s environmental activists under attack.

June 20, 2022
June 20, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the twin victory of South Korean truckers; the spotty observance of the right of due process in the Philippines; the growing problem of elder abuse; and the burning issue of global warming — and the tools to cool down cities.

June 13, 2022
June 13, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: how Mongolia brought digital rights to many citizens’ fingertips; a hidden lockdown for migrant workers in Singapore; the cross-cutting issue of food safety; and Bangladesh’s arbitrary cancellation of the license of a key human rights NGO.

June 6, 2022
June 6, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a landmark settlement for sacked Thai garment workers; an ongoing battle for marriage equality in Taiwan; how attacks on schools worldwide jeopardize the future of children; period poverty and pain.

May 30, 2022
May 30, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the palm oil that is tainted by corporate greed; a law that restricts rape victims in Nepal in their quest for justice; Japan’s controversial training of the Tamadaw; and the shroud of secrecy veiling Asia’s executing countries.

May 23, 2022
May 23, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a shadow pandemic in Thailand; the Taliban’s dissolution of a key human rights body in Afghanistan; the doubtful outcome of the UN rights chief’s Xinjiang visit; and an invasive technology that may turn a lifeline app into a surveillance tool.

May 16, 2022
May 16, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the decades-long struggle for disability rights in South Korea; a minimum wage law that excludes domestic helpers in Malaysia; India’s antiquated and arbitrary sedition law; and the glaring gaps in alcohol marketing regulations that put young people and heavy drinkers at risk.

May 9, 2022
May 9, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the gloomy picture of press freedom in Asia; a heartbreaking polio outbreak in Pakistan; the turning of the tide for a prisoner of conscience in the Philippines; and North Korea’s fashion police.

May 2, 2022
May 2, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the latest setback for a fallen democracy icon in Myanmar; hard-won progress for worker safety in Bangladesh; another nail in the coffin of press freedom in Hong Kong; and the human and environmental costs of sand mining.

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