Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

China
Fighting a deep aversion
In China, the LGBTQI+ community stands as a powerful force of resistance amid the Communist Party’s increasing crackdown on dissent.

New data from Freedom House show there were at least 34 occasions in which Chinese LGBTQ demonstrated "dissent" or defiance online and offline during the first half of 2023 despite authorities' repressive actions to keep them in line, according to Nikkei Asia.

The figures, which form part of Freedom House’s China Dissent Monitor database, represent dissenting acts meant to "voice grievances, assert rights or advance interests in contention with authorities or social structure.”

LGBTQ dissent in China monitored by Freedom House ranged from in-person celebrations of Pride Month in June to online posts covering contentious issues like HIV or sexual discrimination.

In 1997, China decriminalized homosexuality — which used to be punishable by imprisonment or execution. There have been some concessions since, such citizens being allowed to change their gender in official documents, but only after a sex reassignment surgery. Same-sex marriage is still illegal and there are still no legal protections from discrimination.

Over two decades later, China’s reluctant tolerance of the LGBTQ community has failed to create an environment that feels safe for most to come out.

Saurav Jung Thapa, associate director of research at Human Rights Campaign Global, said in a 2015 report that the lack of protection from discrimination for LGBT people in China had pressured many to lead a "double life" by marrying the opposite sex or undergoing harmful “corrective” treatment.

Amid challenges, the LGBTQ movement in China has found ways to become more visible through the years.

In 2009, volunteers organized the first Shanghai Pride — the only large-scale LGBTQ event held in mainland China to this day. It became the longest-running LGBTQ festival in the country before it was suspended in 2020. Organizers said they stopped because of “huge pressure,” presumably from Chinese authorities.

Today, LGBTQ event organizers say they are often accused of threatening national security. But their community has “shown resilience,” said Yuhsuan Chien, a China Dissent Monitor analyst.

"Groups and individuals still sometimes hold physical events to raise public awareness of LGBT+ rights and provide support to the community ... Increased pressure has pushed more advocacy to online spaces,” Chien said.
Queer Chinese wave flags and banners during a Pride parade in London, United Kingdom on Feb. 7, 2022. Such an event used to be held in China annually until the government began its crackdown on LGBTQ activists. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sandor Szmutko)
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Malaysia
A ‘backdoor’ to press freedom violations
Malaysia has introduced a controversial new media code feared to become part of the country’s arsenal of laws that undermine press freedom in the country.

At the launch of the new ethics code on Feb. 20, Communications Minister Fahmi Fadzil said they had tweaked the ethics code to reflect changes in the media landscape, including the use of social media and efforts to combat defamation and misinformation.

The code requires journalists to avoid disseminating inaccurate, baseless, and deceitful content. It also urged media workers to ensure that all reported information has been analyzed and verified.

Communications Minister Fahmi Fadzil described the new code as an improvement over the one developed in 1989 by the Malaysian Press Institute, because it comes during the advent of social media. But media groups and press freedom advocates are particularly concerned about how authorities can revoke a journalist's acccreditation based on perceived violations of the ethics code.

Journalists in Malaysia are required to secure accreditation to cover official events. But, as noted by press freedom group Gerakan Media Merdeka (Geramm), they were previously not subject to any criteria before getting approved.

Lawyers for Liberty (LIL) noted that the ethics code was launched before the government convened the long-sought Media Council that can give media the power to regulate itself. The bill creating the Media Council has been approved by the Cabinet and may be tabled in parliament by June.

The code’s provisions on sources' privacy and confidentiality and adherence to laws appear to be dangerously open-ended have similarly raised concerns.

Specifically, the code states that journalists should respect source confidentiality but also consider the public interest, leading to concerns that journalists might be compelled to disclose sources during official investigations.

Malaysia has previously enacted draconian laws constraining media freedom, some of which have been flagged for being susceptible to misuse due to vague provisions.

The Communications and Multimedia Act of 1998 gives the government strict control over the issuance of media licenses and criminalizes content based on vaguely worded offenses, resulting in broad powers to censor all media organizations.

Similarly, the Printing Presses and Publications Act of 1984 gives authorities sweeping powers to ban any publication that poses a threat to “public order, morality, (and) security.”
In Malaysia (whose flag is depicted in the photo), press freedom advocates say that the relaunched code of ethics for journalists will step on media freedoms. (Photo: Shutterstock / SkazovD)
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India
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Deprived of economic mobility
Already the poorest religious minority and the slowest to benefit from economic gains in India, Muslims also appear to be increasingly locked out of regular-wage jobs at a rate more concerning than any other minority group in the South Asian nation.

Labor data analyzed by Business Standard show that Muslims experienced the greatest decline in terms of the percentage of those who had regular employment from 2018-2019 to 2022-2023, going down from 22.1 percent to 15.3 percent.

This forms part of the sharp decline in the share of Indian religious minorities with regular wage jobs compared to the majority Hindu population over the past five years.

Overall, the share of workers having regular employment has dropped to 20.9 percent in 2022-023 from 23.8 percent in 2018-2023.

This is in step with the findings of The Hindustan Times’ 2023 analysis showing that Indian Muslims had the lowest consumption levels among major religious groups.

Deprived of state support, several Indian Muslims have been living in abject poverty for decades. Even as they make up the largest minority group in India, Muslims were found to be the "least upwardly mobile group" despite overall poverty reduction gains since 1990, according to a 2018 Quartz report.

Discrimination and harassment of the 200 million Muslims in India intensified under the rule of the nationalist Indian leader Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who had made Islamophobia “a matter of state policy,” as described by Somdeep Sen, an international studies professor, in a 2022 analysis.

Modi’s party, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is believed to be a primary driver of anti-Muslim sentiment and behind several controversial policies that critics say are intended to strip Muslims of their fundamental human rights.

This includes the controversial Citizenship Amendment Act — which was passed in December 2019 and criticized for excluding Muslim migrants from citizenship eligibility.

After a series of peaceful demonstrations against the law in 2020, BJP leaders openly called for violence against the protestors. And it happened: BJP supporters and Hindu mobs attacked Muslim protesters, leading to the fatal New Delhi riots that resulted in 53 dead, mostly Indian Muslims. Two years later, 18 activists from the riots continue to be detained on charges that Human Rights Watch says are politically motivated.
Muslims, the largest and most poverty-steeped minority group in India, are pictured in prayer at the historical monument of Jama Masjid in Old Delhi, India, Jan. 30, 2015. (Photo: Shutterstock / AJP)
Global/Regional
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Taking advantage
Hackers are likely eyeing the use of popular generative AI tools to disrupt major elections in 2024, according to a new global cyber threat report, which cites state-backed and allied hacker groups from China and North Korea, among other countries, as particular threats.

With the upcoming elections in the United States and most likely the United Kingdom, among other countries, well-oiled hacker groups could exploit A.I. tools to deploy a firehose of disinformation, cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike warned in its annual Global Threat Report published Feb. 21.

This comes after Microsoft confirmed in a Feb. 14 report that cybercriminal groups connected to the governments of China, North Korea, Russia and Iran used artificial intelligence tools by ChatGPT developer OpenAI to sharpen their hacking capabilities and gain new information for online espionage.

Hacker groups based in Pakistan and India were also found to be among the many groups that targeted entities in the U.S. and Europe "in retaliation against real or perceived support of Israel” in 2023, CrowdStrike found.

The report was illustrative of the growing fears about how A.I. – which has already disrupted the fields of journalism, finance, and medicine – could also undermine democracy. Beyond tampering with vote counting machines, it could be used to fuel mis- and disinformation. Several scholars have long sounded the alarm also on A.I. bias, which could perpetuate human and historical biases and stereotypes that undermine people’s ability to discern properly.

Concerns about A.I.’s impact on election integrity take on greater significance as 2024 marks the world’s biggest election year yet  with billions of voters from over 50 countries expected to cast their votes.

Both China and North Korea – whose one-party state is widely known for undermining democratic principles – have been linked to past cyberattacks on government institutions and critical infrastructure in other countries.

Publicly leaked documents recently showed that the Chinese government paid private tech firms to hack databases and tap communications in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and India, among others, according to a New York Times Feb. 22 report.

Similarly, a recent report by cyber firm Deutsche Cyber-Sicherheitsorganisation found that North Korea tried to breach the internal systems of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs used for transmitting documents.
Hacker groups connected to the governments of North Korea and China, among other countries, were flagged as among the bad actors engaging in cyberattacks in a new threat report by cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike. (Photo: Shutterstock / DD Images)
February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

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