Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

Hong Kong
Ramping up repression
Hong Kong’s new homegrown security legislation, which came into force on March 23, serves as an ominous warning that authorities are clamping down harder on dissent and political opposition not only within the special administrative region but even beyond.

For instance, activists engaging with foreign actors are liable for prosecution on grounds of endangering national security.

Hong Kong’s Article 23 law has been awaiting legislation since it was filed as a bill in 2003 and was at least 26 years in the making since the 1997 handover.

With the law imposing stiff penalties of up to life in prison for those deemed to have committed vaguely defined crimes like treason, insurrection, and sabotage, the measure is seen to usher in what Human Rights Watch Asia Director Elaine Pearson described as a “new era of broad-based oppression.”

“The purpose of this new law is to crush the only bit of freedom left in Hong Kong by extending sentences and expanding the definition of national security,” U.S.-based activist Frances Hui told Agence-France Presse.

The new national security law, officially called the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance, or simply Article 23, plugs the gaps in Beijing's 2020 national security law, making it broader in scope.

The newly minted law introduces new offenses covering “external” interference and expanding the scope of espionage to include collusion with an “external force” to publish a false or misleading statement. The law considers “external forces” as foreign governments, international organizations, and representatives of foreign entities.

Besides mirroring the overly broad definitions of "national security" from mainland China, the law also includes vague definitions for “state secrets” – which covers "major policy decisions,” "economic or social development," and Hong Kong's "external affairs”. These give Hong Kong's chief executive significant leeway to deem any possession of information as an offense.

Amnesty International feared the law would “conflate legitimate cooperation between Hong Kong residents or groups with overseas institutions … with criminal activity,” with foreign citizens also at risk of being charged if they commit these “crimes” in Hong Kong.

The U.S.-based Hong Kong Democracy Council has urged the U.S.’s Biden Administration to pass the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Certification Act, which will facilitate the revocation of the city government’s special privileges, and impose Magnitsky-style sanctions on Hong Kong and Chinese officials responsible for scuttling Hong Kong’s autonomy.
Thousands of Hong Kongers convene in Causeway Bay district on May 25, 2020 to protest the impending imposition of the national security law by Beijing. (Photo: Shutterstock / Jimmy Siu)
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Malaysia
In the name of the child
The Malaysian government has caved into public pressure to withdraw its proposed constitutional amendments on citizenship for foundlings and stateless children  – changes that rights advocates railed against as they said it would render thousands of children stateless.

Following several weeks of backlash, Home Minister Saifuddin Nasution Ismail announced that the Malaysian cabinet had rejected the proposed amendments that would require foundlings and abandoned children to apply for citizenship.

At least 256 babies are estimated to have been abandoned between 2020 and 2022 in Malaysia, based on government data. The Southeast Asian country ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1995 but to this day has kept its reservation on Article 7 on the right to identity. It affirms, among others, the right of a child to be registered immediately after birth and acquire nationality.

The law, widely opposed by civil society, who fears it will spawn a new generation of stateless children and perpetuating cycles of poverty, is seen as a concession to more conservative quarters following other proposed constitutional amendments aimed at granting Malaysian mothers equal rights to confer automatic citizenship on their overseas-born children.

Saifuddin had previously defended the amendments, saying they would deter Rohingya refugees from “running away” after giving birth in hospitals – an argument that Lawyers for Liberty advisor N Surendran said was "unlawful, irrational, inhumane and impractical”. Existing laws don't confer citizenship on babies with non-Malaysian parents, he said.

The country struggles with undocumented children, especially in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysian states in northern Borneo, where parents are either unaware of or often do not have access to registration sites; and children of third-generation Indian Tamils, whose parents failed to obtain citizenship when the country became independent.

A child who has a birth certificate can still be labeled a non-Malaysian under patriarchal laws that tag babies as a “non-citizen” if they were born to parents with unknown identities, or born out of wedlock to a Malaysian father and a non-citizen mother.

In their 2019 paper, human rights and research group SHAPE SEA (Strengthening Human Rights and Peace Research and Education) wrote that Malaysia “shows no significant visible effort in reducing or ending statelessness of children despite the fact that stateless children of Sabah are not unknown to the eyes of the world.”
Children stare out through the gap of a shack at Semporna, Sabah – the state with the highest number of stateless children in Malaysia. (Photo: Shutterstock / Reggie Lee)
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Afghanistan
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Girls’ education still a distant dream
Schools in Afghanistan opened the new academic year on March 20 with girls barred anew from joining secondary classes for the third year in a row. This effectively deprives an estimated 1 million girls of their right to basic education.

Female journalists were also barred from attending the education ministry’s opening ceremony for the new school year. Invitations sent to reporters said: “Due to the lack of a suitable place for the sisters, we apologize to female reporters.”

Despite international denunciations of what has been described as “gender apartheid,” the Taliban are adhering to their strict interpretation of Islamic law, or Sharia, as justification for keeping girls out of school and women from all public spaces.

With over a hundred decrees issued since the Taliban takeover in August 2021 that violate their fundamental rights, Afghan women and girls have suffered disproportionately, triggering a mental health crisis that has led to an “endemic of suicide,” according to a new report by the Gender Apartheid Inquiry, a body formed by the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute.

A recent report by the United Nations that surveyed over 700 women and girls also found that after the strict enforcement of the hijab decree in May 2022, police have intensified their harassment of women in public spaces. Across communities and households, men similarly impose stronger restrictions on women’s clothing and movements.

Attempts to provide online education for Afghan girls are no substitutes for going to school, and families struggling to eat do not see these online opportunities as a priority, said Samira Hamidi, Amnesty International's regional campaigner.

The indefinite exclusion of girls from secondary education, as well as from universities and workplaces, have wiped out hard-won rights since the Taliban seized power in August 2021 following the collapse of the democratically elected Afghan government.

Afghanistan remains the only one in the world that imposes restrictions on female education.
Afghan girls are pictured inside a classroom in 2019 – two years before the Taliban takeover that led to their exclusion from the formal education system. (Photo: Shutterstock / solmaz daryani)
Global/Regional
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Gasping for clean air
Three South Asian nations have the most polluted air quality in the world in 2023, according to a new report, while all but one of the 100 cities with the worst air pollution were located in Asia.

For the fifth year in a row, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India continued to have particle levels at least 10 times higher than World Health Organization standards, according to IQAir, a tech firm that tracks air quality worldwide, pointing to dangerous smog levels that violate people’s right to life and a clean and safe environment.

In 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a historic resolution declaring that everyone on the planet had a right to a healthy environment, including clean air.

The report, which studied PM2.5 data from 7,800 cities. PM2.5 are fine particulate matter that are also considered the most most damaging air pollutants, able to penetrate deep into lungs and cause several diseases.

Other studies have also shown that air pollution in Asia is pervasive, with 92 percent of Asia and the Pacific’s population – approximately 4 billion people – estimated to be exposed to threatening levels of air pollution.

South Asia has stood out as a global hotspot for polluted air partly because of some practices that are unique to the region, such as burning of agricultural waste, solid fuel combustion for cooking and heating, and human cremation.

For instance, 38 percent of the pollution in New Delhi  last year was caused by stubble burning – a method of clearing fields by burning residual rice crop.

Air pollution from South Asian countries’ inability to curb emissions also exacerbates  other problems brought on by the climate crisis, such as increasing water scarcity, which is particularly dire in the region. Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere not only degrade air quality, but also settle on the surface of water bodies, contaminating them and depriving millions of drinkable water.

In response to the findings, International's Climate Adviser Ann Harrison has called on the three South Asian countries to step up their efforts to create a "cross-border pollution action plan.”

“This is essential to help safeguard public health and human rights in countries already suffering climate change induced harms that are set to worsen,” Harrison said.
This photo shows fog-like levels of air pollution in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, which topped the list of the most polluted countries in the world in a recent study. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sk Hasan Ali)
March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

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