Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

South Korea
Deepening polarization
There appears to be no let-up to the deepening political divide troubling South Korea.

On Jan. 2, opposition leader Lee Jae-myung of the Democratic Party of Korea (DPK) was stabbed after speaking to reporters, by a man who posed as his supporter, according to police accounts. He survived the incident.

Police were able to arrest the man on the spot, but his motivation for the violent act remains unclear. However, analysts described the unprecedented incident as an indication of growing polarization in South Korea, which Lee’s Democratic Party has described as a “terrorist attack” and a “serious threat to democracy.”

Observers have noted that increasing partisanship has been widening the divide in South Korea, as pro-government and pro-opposition supporters harbor hatred for each other and their ideologies. Analyst Min Seong-jae has noted that politicians and their avid supporters have become “entrenched in their political tribalism and consider the other side to be the enemy.”

The polarization can be traced back to the outcome of the 2022 presidential elections, when Lee lost to current South Korean president Yoon Suk-yeol by a narrow margin of 0.73 points. It was after Yoon took office in 2023 that South Korea's polarization score in an index by watchdog V-Dem Institute spiked to a new high.

The incident comes months before the country’s 2024 legislative elections where Lee’s DPK currently ties with the ruling People Power Party. The polls will be held amid concerns that deepening animosity drawing people to the extremes of the political spectrum could only be increasing voters’ tolerance for undemocratic behavior by their leaders.

The political polarization plaguing South Korea’s party system is among the factors that have given rise to illiberalism in the country today while democratic decline has been ”increasingly hard to miss,” say authors Gi-Wook Shin and Ho-Ki Kim in their book South Korea: Democracy in Crisis, released in 2022. Such a decline is manifest, among others, in the demonization of political opponents, they said.
Presidential candidate Lee Jae-myung of the ruling Democratic Party of Korea speaks in front of supporters for his election campaign in Jeonju-si, North Jeolla province on Feb. 19, 2022. (Photo: Shutterstock / Yeongsik Im)
Image is not available
Myanmar
Another death in custody
A 29-year-old political prisoner, who was jailed by the Myanmar junta on charges relating to its overbroad counter-terrorism law, has died behind bars. His family said he was tortured to death by prison authorities.

A Jan. 5 report by independent news site The Irrawaddy said Ko San Lin San – an activist who led anti-regime protests following the 2021 coup and was accused initiating attacks against the junta – was “badly beaten” during interrogation with authorities.

The family was reportedly prevented from seeing and taking photos of Ko San Lin San’s full body, which was wrapped in white cloth with only the head exposed. His body showed stitch marks, according to his elder sister.

Ko San Lin San now counts among the more than 70 people who have died while in police or military custody in the junta-ruled country.

While the military has attributed some of these deaths to illness or heart failure, human rights activists said there was physical evidence that the victims were tortured before they died, including being forced to stay in detention centers with squalid conditions.

One activist who was detained twice told Al Jazeera in July 2023 that prison officials would tell them that they could kill inmates and get away with it. While the junta has not disclosed the total number of prisoners detained nationwide, human rights monitoring group Assistance Association of Political Prisoners (AAPP) estimates around 19,930 individuals have been incarcerated since the February 2021 coup.

As junta atrocities continue unabated in Myanmar, the military government, in an apparent effort to ensure that resources are on hand to help ensure their continued stay in power, has begun imposing taxes based on a new law on nationals working abroad. But some of these citizens refuse to pay income tax unless their labor rights are guaranteed while others said they don’t want to fund an illegitimate regime.
Myanmar citizens living in Thailand protest in front of their embassy on the second anniversary of the coup d'etat in Myanmar, where over 70 political prisoners have died according to estimates by rights groups. (Photo: Shutterstock / Kan Sangtong)
Image is not available
Afghanistan
Image is not available
Crackdown on ‘bad hijab’
The Taliban have ramped up what has been dubbed gender apartheid against women in Afghanistan with the mass arrests of women who do not conform to the de facto government’s dress code that requires them to don a head-to-toe burqa that only shows their eyes.

This is the first such crackdown since the Taliban returned to power in 2021.

Several eyewitnesses who spoke to Radio Liberty’s Radio Azadi said that the Taliban’s vice and virtue ministry has arrested dozens of women in the capital Kabul since Jan. 1.

While the Taliban did not state the number of arrests they have made, vice and virtue ministry spokesperson Abdul Ghafar Farooq claimed the ministry had been receiving complaints about women wearing “bad hijab,” or hijab improperly since their takeover of Afghanistan.

The Taliban's strict dress codes for women – which was issued in May 2022 – harked back to the similarly draconian policies they imposed during their previous rule of Kabul in 1996 to 2001. Elsewhere in the world, only neighboring Iran has a similar mandatory hijab policy.

Since taking over in 2021, the Taliban have also banned women from pursuing higher education due to the alleged mixing of genders and non-wearing of hijab among female students. Afghanistan is the only country in the world with such a repressive policy affecting women’s education.

The Taliban’s restrictions on Afghan women’s rights, which U.N. experts agree may be tantamount to gender apartheid, also amount to a crime against humanity as the "de facto authorities appear to be governing by systematic discrimination with the intention to subject women and girls to total domination," said human rights experts Richard Bennett and Dorothy Estrada-Tanck in a joint report to the U.N. Human Rights Council.

Afghan women have found a way to defy the ban on their education by taking advantage of online learning opportunities. Yet despite this pushback, an overwhelming majority of Afghan women feel dissatisfied with their freedom to choose what to do with their lives, a Gallup poll conducted in July 2023 showed.
Afghan women gather in front of the New York Public Library on Jan. 14, 2023, for women's rights to study after the Taliban took over in Afghanistan. (Photo: Shutterstock / Roy De La Cruz)
Global/Regional
Image is not available
Hollow elections?
Four South Asian countries – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Pakistan – are set to hold crucial elections this year, most of which are expected to re-elect incumbent leaders back to power and solidify their political standing.

Bangladesh held its general elections on Jan. 7, handing over incumbent Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina her fourth straight and overall fifth term. Her victory had been seen as a foregone conclusion, but election day itself was boycotted by opposition parties due to the perceived vote-rigging in favor of Hasina.

Meanwhile, South Asia's youngest democracy Bhutan, which transitioned to a democracy from a monarchy 15 years ago, will be holding its general elections on Jan. 9. These polls will be held amid widespread unemployment that has sent “record numbers” of young Bhutanese to migrate in search of better opportunities.

Pakistan, meanwhile, will be holding its legislative election on Feb. 8 for its 16th national assembly. However, there have been moves from lawmakers to delay the elections due to a possible low voter turnout in cold areas as well as safety concerns by political leaders amid a rise in violence.

India will be conducting its general elections in April or May 2024 with current prime minister and controversial strongman Narendra Modi confident that he will once again emerge a winner. Observers believe that Modi’s continued popularity, despite a “rapid deterioration of human rights protections in India” under the strongman’s watch, according to Amnesty International, could mean that the outcome of this year’s polls will largely be in his favor.

Democracy watchdog International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance has noted that while all countries in South Asia are democracies, they all have weak democratic structures and pervasive corruption. The lack of diverse political representation continues to reduce democracy to an “occasional ritual for electorates manipulated by powerful groups.”

While the holding of regular elections gives people the opportunity to register their desired form of government, as noted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, in South Asia, these elections are held amid “deepening challenges to liberal democracy.”
Poll watchers prepare a ballot unit for the electronic voting machines used in elections in India in 2019. This year, the South Asian country will be among more than 60 countries that will hold elections. (Photo: Shutterstock / Mirko Kuzmanovic)
January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

previous arrow
next arrow