Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

Japan
Rainbow victory
Japan's long-held conservative values, shaped by religious groups and right-wing factions, have historically impeded attempts to uphold the rights and welfare of the LGBTQ+ community. But a recent court decision that declares same-sex marriage bans as unconstitutional may help chip away at the legal barriers that have long restricted the rights of LGBTQ+ persons in the country.

On March 14, Japan’s Sapporo High Court ruled that the country’s current laws barring marriage between same-sex couples violate the fundamental right to equality and freedom of marriage – the first time that a high court in Japan has explicitly done so.

The ruling affirms an earlier 2021 decision from the Sapporo Lower Court that said the government was violating Article 14 of the Constitution by failing to provide legal measures for same-sex couples to marry.

While these rulings do not overturn Japan’s current civil union law that defines marriage as between a man and a woman, these decisions marked “a significant step towards achieving marriage equality in Japan,” said Amnesty International’s East Asia researcher Boram Jang in a statement.

The East Asian country is the only Group of Seven (G7) member state that does not recognize same-sex unions.

Some cities and prefectures in Japan, including Tokyo, already offer symbolic “partnership certificates” to recognize same-sex couples. But a law penalizing LGBTQI+ discrimination has yet to be passed.

The Japanese government has been facing internal and external pressure to legally recognize same-sex unions, and for good reason. A 2023 analysis by the Pew Research Center shows that of all Asian countries, attitudes toward same-sex marriage are most favorable in Japan, where 68 percent support allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally.

The ruling builds on decades of campaigns from activists and allied politicians to achieve marriage equality in Japan.

Japan’s Constitution (Article 24) defines marriage as being “based on the mutual consent of both sexes.” Marriage for All Japan, an advocacy group promoting marriage quality in the northeast Asian country, says this definition was intended to promote gender equality when the Constitution was established in 1946, and did not intend to prohibit same-sex marriage.
Attendees march at the Tokyo Rainbow Pride festival at Shibuya and Harajuku, Japan, April 28, 2019. (Photo: Shutterstock / StreetVJ)
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Thailand
Disbanding all opposition
Thailand's progressive Move Forward party, which topped last year's elections but was blocked from assuming power by a military-appointed Senate, is now officially facing dissolution after Thailand's electoral body said that there was evidence that they "(undermined) the democratic system with the king as head of state."

Thailand's Election Commission on Tuesday said it would file a case with the court to dismantle the opposition party – an action believed to be part of a larger crackdown on the opposition months after a constitutional court ruled that the party's attempts to reform the draconian lese-majeste law were unlawful.

The same constitutional court will now decide whether to accept the petition. If the dissolution pushes through, the party's leaders could be banned from politics for a decade, invalidating millions of votes that delivered a historic win for Move Forward in 2023.

Parit Wacharasindhu, a spokesperson for Move Forward, said the party’s legal team would “try their best until the last second to prevent the party from being dissolved,” and that proving its innocence would also help “create a proper standard for Thai politics in the future.”

In 2020, the constitutional court ordered the dissolution of Future Forward – Move Forward's predecessor – based on a legal technicality. The same fate is likely awaiting the party, which was formed on the back of increasingly vocal discontent with the monarchy among Thailand's youth.

However, the party's dissolution does not immediately mean the end of the opposition. Strango said that the political energy captured by the MFP is “almost certain to re-emerge in alternate, and likely more radical, form” as an effect of the “self-defeating nature” of the military-controlled Thai government’s “attempts to place certain institutions beyond popular scrutiny.”

Many Asian nations have witnessed a sharp drop in democratic freedoms in the last few years, fuelled by state-led crackdowns on dissent and political maneuvers to weaken or dismantle opposition forces.

Cambodia’s dissolution of its main opposition party in 2018 and Bangladesh’s recent mass arrest of opposition leaders ahead of a national election demonstrate developments in the region that reflect a troubling steady trend towards authoritarianism and suppression of democratic principles.
Move Forward leader Pita Limjaroenrat speaks to the media on May 15, 2023, following Thailand’s general elections, where Thai voters delivered a surprise victory to the opposition party. (Photo: Shutterstock / SPhotograph)
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Sri Lanka
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Troubling strongman support
A disconcerting number of Sri Lankans appear to favor dictatorship over democracy "in certain situations” – a phenomenon last observed when the country was plunged into a political crisis under the Sirisena-Wickremesinghe government in 2018, according to a recent survey by the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA).

The newly released survey found that while a majority still prefer democratic governance, one in 10 Sri Lankans will back authoritarian rule over a democratic one under certain circumstances, suggesting that support for authoritarian rule soars when frustration towards democratic governance increases.

The Colombo-based CPA said that the last time Sri Lankans showed this level of support for a dictatorial rule was during the 2018 political upheaval involving an unconstitutional power grab by then-President Maithripala Sirisena, who unceremoniously sacked Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe from his post, triggering a constitutional crisis and widespread protests across the country.

CPA’s other survey results show that public trust in parliament and political parties have sunk to an all-time low, with parliament getting only 22.4 public percent trust and political parties 19 percent trust.

The think tank said that public trust in legislative institutions – cornerstones of a legitimate working democracy – was not only less compared to the military and the court, but also “experienced a slump over the past decade.”

The former British colony has historically had an uneasy relationship with democracy where it appears to be a functional democracy on paper but realities like a powerful executive branch and unresolved ethnic tensions cast a shadow on its true democratic character.

In 2022, growing frustration over the Sri Lankan government’s failure to curb surging inflation and the worst economic crisis the country had seen since it attained independence in 1948 prompted mass demonstrations calling for the ouster of former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who eventually resigned. However, months later, the parliament elected Ranil Wickremesinghe as president, signaling the start of an autocratic regime that immediately cracked down on protesters.

Frustration with corruption, cynicism toward institutions, and a certain sense of “powerlessness” among the public have been linked to behaviors that seek to undermine democracy. John West, executive director at the Asian Century Institute, said political grievances were “at the heart” of support for strongmen.
Protesters call for the resignation of Sri Lankan President Gotabaya Rajapaksa amid discontent with his government’s economic mismanagement, April 11, 2022. (Photo: Shutterstock / Ruwan Walpola)
Global/Regional
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Engaging with autocrats
Exiled Cambodian opposition leader Mu Sochua has voiced her pro-democracy group’s willingness to engage with Prime Minister Hun Manet and thus pave the way for reforms in Cambodia and “legitimize” his rule.

She also stressed that the U.S.-based Khmer Movement for Democracy, which was organized last September, is not out to topple Hun Manet and the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) even as it seeks to overhaul the Southeast Asian country’s corrupt judiciary, restore fair elections, and train a new generation of political leaders, according to a report by Radio Free Asia..

While Mu Sochua, who was vice-president of the banned Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) until she resigned last year to lead her U.S.-based organization, sought engagement with the ruling party, some opposition figures, particularly those from the erstwhile opposition Candle Party have opted to defect to the CCP.

In its 2023 report, the Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD) warned that dealing with authoritarian regimes without a clear strategy can backfire and inadvertently give credibility to repressive regimes. In some cases, according to the WFD development agencies too quick to applaud so-called reformist regimes have helped legitimize governments that continue to be oppressive.

Aside from Mu Sochua, a number of Cambodian opposition leaders have fled abroad due to political persecution and threats to their safety following the government's crackdown on dissent and the dissolution of the CNRP in 2017, effectively banning more than 100 party members from politics for five years.

The decision obliterated the only opposition party standing in the way of then-Prime Minister Hun Sen, who ruled Cambodia for over three decades, the longest by any Asian leader.

Hun Manet took over as prime minister in August 2023 shortly after Hun Sen’s Cambodian People’s Party won a landslide victory in the July 2023 polls that international observerscriticized as neither free nor fair after the main opposition party was banned from participating.

While Sochua’s efforts are rooted in genuine aspirations for democratic reform, Asian countries’ past dealings with autocratic leaders show that their hold on power will not be so easily swayed through lobbying of opposition groups, especially those forced into exile.

Even international sanctions imposed by the United States and the European Union – a popular tool to punish autocratic leaders, like the Myanmar junta – have largely failed to stamp out non-democratic rule.
Protesters hold a rally in front of the White House against authoritarian leader Prime Minister Hun Sen, who is responsible for obliterating the main opposition party in Cambodia, January 19, 2019. (Photo: Shutterstock / DCStockPhotography)
March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

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