Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

South Korea
A shrinking future
Women in South Korea are increasingly refusing to have children as the country’s birth rate has plummeted again, this time to a new low of 0.72 births per woman in 2023.

This is the lowest among the world’s large economies and far below the 2.1 required to keep South Korea’s population stable.The new data also represents a further 8 percent decline from the previous year, making this the fourth straight year that South Korea’s birth rates have been dropping.

South Korean women are typically pressured to drop their careers and long-term jobs to care for their children full-time. The constantly shrinking birth rates are believed to be a sign that younger South Korean women are no longer caving to the societal pressure to be confined to the role of a stay-at-home mother, especially as the country’s culture of misogyny shows no signs of abating.

Two other East Asian countries, China and Japan, are seeing a similar downturn in birth rates. In 2023 Japan hit a record-low of babies born, its lowest since it started recording such data in 1899. China's population, on the other hand, has dropped for a second consecutive year despite President Xi Jin Ping’s appeal for more women to conceive.

The South Korean government has described the problem as a “national emergency” – and rightly so, as the data shows its strategies of offering families cash incentives for childbirth, including 2 million won ($1,510) for every baby born, have failed to turn its birth rates around.

Observers say that merely throwing money at this years-long problem — which unfolded in 2015 — fails to address the grim economic situation driving women away from motherhood, even those who want to have children.

Interviews by the BBC with child-free women show that while some want to have babies, the pressure to drop their careers and the eye-watering costs of housing have turned them away from motherhood.

Korean women are also among the most highly educated among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, with higher education among women even outpacing men. However, the country also has a higher-than-average proportion of women who are unemployed compared to men and one of the world’s worst gender pay gaps.
A group of women walk down a street in South Korea, where birth rates have been plummeting since 2015 due to the lack of economic protections for mothers. (Photo: Shutterstock / Tanawat Chantradilokrat)
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Vietnam
Denying workers’ rights
Optimism for the supposed strides taken by the Vietnam government to improve workers' rights appears to be short-lived as a newly revealed document shows officials are actively clamping down on labor activists and members of civil society despite growing international scrutiny.

On Feb. 29, human rights group The Project 88 released a new report detailing the contents of the so-called “Directive 24,” believed to have been issued by the Vietnamese Communist Party in July 2023. This came just months after Vietnamese officials told human rights representatives from the European Union that the government was planning to sign a fundamental International Labor Organization (ILO) convention that protects workers’ right to organize.

The sweeping directive directs party and state organizations to closely monitor those who go abroad, bar the formation of independent political and labor organizations on the basis of ethnicity or religion, and prevent "complicated situations" related to security and social order.

These measures put a damper on Vietnam's anticipated ratification of the ILO Convention 87 later this year, which guarantees workers’ rights to freedom of association and organization. Vietnam has ratified seven ILO conventions, but the country has been negotiating the ratification of the ILO Convention 87 for over a decade, making it the only convention yet to be ratified.

Project 88 described the directive in a Feb. 29 report as an "all-out assault on the constitutional and human rights" of Vietnam’s 100 million citizens, who remained “completely unaware of its contents.”

“In Directive 24, Vietnam’s leaders have made clear that efforts by civil society to participate in public affairs are off limits,” Project 88 said.

The only official union in Vietnam is the state-run Vietnam General Confederation of Labour, and those organizing independent (hence, illegal) unions face the risk of arrest and detention. While a law was passed in 2021 that allowed workers to form “internal employee organizations,” or IEOs, no such group has been organized as of 2023 due to doubts about its effectiveness.

One labor activist, Nguyen Hoang Quoc Hung, was arrested with his two companions in 2010 for organizing a strike at a shoe factory, thus violating Vietnam's national security laws. He was released only nine years later and suffered beatings in detention.
Workers conduct their work on a construction site in Vietnam, where the formation of independent trade unions remains illegal. (Photo: Shutterstock / Jonas Petrovas)
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Nepal
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Police brutality and vendors’ fight for space
Police brutality toward street vendors in Nepal has drawn denunciations from human rights groups following a recent incident that showed an already struggling sector being on the receiving end of law enforcers’ arbitrary and unwarranted use of force.

On Feb. 28, the Kathmandu City Police seriously injured street vendors as they tried to set up shop on pavements around the Sundhara area at around 7 p.m. as vendors are only allowed to sell their goods after 9 p.m. Police had reportedly used batons and destroyed the vendors’ goods. Around seven street vendors were injured while police claimed stones were thrown at them, forcing them to use force.

The incident has since prompted some 30 civil society leaders to write to the mayor of Kathmandu City demanding an apology for the "inhumane treatment" of street vendors by police.

In their open letter, the groups criticized the municipal government for being "bent on making, in an organized manner, the lives of the people who subsist on street vending and are battling against their poverty more painful."

The letter also pointed out that the government must protect street vendors' constitutionally guaranteed rights to employment and labor, and provide its police with basic human rights training to improve their compliance with “minimum standards of civility.”

In Nepal, more street vendors have been cropping up in urban areas amid  the influx of rural migrants to cities for better opportunities. The low cost of setting up a roadside business and the bureaucratic hassle of applying for licenses mean that several street carts are illegally set up. This makes them vulnerable to harassment and eviction by authorities on the grounds that they are blocking pedestrian lanes.

Human rights groups have previously denounced Nepali authorities’ “intolerant” approach to street vendors.

Too, the Nepali police are known for their lack of restraint and use of excessive force as a crowd control measure. In 2021, police opened fire on protesters during a clearing operations of informal settlers in an area being planned for industrial use, killing four. Police also gunned down protesters in a 2015 mass demonstration staged over Nepal's new constitution in southern Nepal, resulting in at least 45 deaths.
Street vendors place their goods on a sidewalk in Kathmandu City, Nepal, Nov. 28, 2013. (Photo: Shutterstock / De Visu)
Global/Regional
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Bucking the authoritarian trend
Across Asia young people’s demand for reform and active engagement in the pro-democracy struggle, particularly amid the spread of China’s external influence over authoritarian regimes in East Asia and the Pacific, is a beacon of hope.

Such a phenomenon is seen as a powerful force that can counteract China’s influence in East Asia and the Pacific, according to a new report released by the Atlantic Council that examines the authoritarian and democratic trends in the region.

The Atlantic Council report noted that China’s increasing use of the law to go after people and institutions since Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, as well as the Myanmar coup in 2021, has “exerted significant downward pressure on freedom across the region.”

Increasingly, China has been using its economic and political power to promote its system of governance (which emphasizes state control) and economic model (state-led development) in neighboring countries, according to the report.

While Japan, South Korea, and Australia are attempting to push back, “the sheer mass and momentum of the past decade’s efforts will continue to impede the expansion of freedom in the region,” the report said.

But the grim state of respect for rule of law has not deterred the region’s youth population from staging mass demonstrations against authoritarian governments.

“From the revolution in Myanmar to the uprising in Hong Kong, and the May 2023 electoral results in Thailand, there has been a clear regional demand from young people for more responsive political systems and more sustainable and equitable growth,” the report said.

In 2020, youth activists from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Thailand formed an online network called the “Milk Tea Alliance” that initially started as a meme among Thai fans of a celebrity accused of disrespecting China, but quickly became a campaign to call out China's rights abuses in the region and raise awareness about their respective countries’ struggles for independence.

After the Chinese Embassy in Bangkok dismissed the movement as "online noises (that) reflect bias and ignorance," the alliance transformed from a trend to a "cohesive moment for change," said Paul Chambers, a Thai politics expert at Naresuan University’s College of Asean Community Studies.
Beijing’s gleaming skyscrapers (shown in photo) seem to mask China’s hardening authoritarianism and its spread to the developing world. (Photo: Shutterstock / HelloRF Zcool)
March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

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