Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

April 8, 2024

This week, we take a look at the first-ever apology of an academic society to Japan’s indigenous Ainu people; the continuing impunity in Laos’ cases of enforced disappearances; the harrowing ordeal of Nepalese migrant workers who are coming back home with chronic kidney disease; and the need to increase health care spending beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

Japan
Rectifying research malpractice
In a historic move, a Japanese academic society apologized to the Indigenous Ainu people for its past research practices, marking the first such apology from an academic society – domestic or international – for the decades-long discrimination against and misunderstandings about their culture.

On April 3, the Japan Times reported that the Japanese Society of Cultural Anthropology apologized for the “mistakes of the past” and expressed sincere regret and apology for its prior approach to studying the Ainu people.

Over the past decades, Tokyo universities have been excavating and collecting the remains of Ainu people from their graves and then donating them to their Australian colleagues in what the Ainu said were tantamount to “plundering” and “grave-robbing.” Some of the remains have since been returned by Australian universities.

“This statement does not arise from a selfish desire to impose something on the Ainu people. Nor is it issued to alleviate our own guilt,” said Yoshinobu Ota, a member of the society's subcommittee on ethical issues related to Ainu studies. “We want to use it as a starting point for communication and understanding.”

Often called “Japan’s first people,” the Ainu are the Indigenous people of Hokkaido, the northernmost island of Japan. They have a distinct culture, language, and spiritual beliefs from the majority Yamato people of Japan.

They have faced discrimination and assimilation policies by the Japanese government since Hokkaido was annexed in 1869. In a report submitted to the U.N. Human Rights Council for Japan’s Universal Periodic Review in 2008, the council noted that Ainu land was then “expropriated, villages were forcibly resettled, and the Ainu people were denied their rights to political participation and culture.”

In 1997, Japan adopted the Ainu Cultural Promotion Act (ACPA), which had the limited mandate of cultural promotion and did not expand on the Ainu community’s rights as Indigenous people.

In 2019, Japan passed a new Ainu promotion law that finally recognized them as Indigenous — but which the Ainu peoples said was not much substantially different from the 1997 ACPA, primarily because they were mostly shut out or sidelined during the deliberations of the law. Moreover, the new law still failed to account for reparations for their sufferings during the colonial rule.
An Ainu woman makes traditional clothes at the open-air Shiraoi Ainu Museum in Hokkaido on Nov. 12, 2017, two years before the Japanese government passed a new Ainu promotion law protecting their culture and traditions. (Photo: Shutterstock / Stray Toki)
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Laos
Still no safe refuge
Two Lao rights groups have taken the government to task for failing to implement the 2018 recommendations by the U.N. Human Rights Committee to improve the country’s record on enforced disappearances.

In its report to the UNHRC on April 5, the FIDH-International Federation for Human Rights and Lao Movement for Human Rights (LMHR) said that more than failing to take any serious steps to implement the committee’s recommendations, the government “has taken measures that, in fact, reflect rejection of the recommendations.”

Impunity, for example, persists in cases of enforced disappearances as the state refuses to conduct credible investigations to find them. As of 2024, the whereabouts of at least 10 individuals (who disappeared before the 2018 report) remain unknown, including civil society leader Sombath Somphone, who went missing in 2012.

Even worse, Laos is believed to be involved in – or have taken no action on – transnational disappearances of activists who have sought exile in Bangkok. This practice had been slammed by Human Rights Watch in a February 2024 report, which detailed how authoritarian governments like Laos both reach beyond their borders to repress activists seeking refuge, while also helping other governments arrest or disappear their nationals who fled to their country.
If they’re not forcibly disappeared, human rights defenders who seek refuge in Laos risk being deported back to their home countries, where they face possible retaliation.

Last October – shortly after it deported Chinese human rights lawyer Lu Siwei to China – U.N. special rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders Mary Lawlor called on Laotian authorities to stop its practice of deportation as it violated the principle of refoulement.
An elderly Lao woman peddles her wares at the Pakse local market in Laos, where the spate of enforced disappearances has raised alarm bells among human rights groups. (Photo: Shutterstock / CatwalkPhotos)
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Nepal
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Exacting more than a pound of flesh
In a small village in Nepal, most residents have sold their kidney to make ends meet. But as climate change and extreme poverty increase their risk of dehydration and other health issues, the same villagers have run into a serious health crisis: needing kidney transplants.

This is the sobering situation in Hokse, notoriously known as “Kidney Valley,” which was preyed upon by duplicitous organ harvesters who persuade the villagers to sell their kidney – sometimes on the false promise that they could be regrown.

While the practice supposedly stopped in recent years, some of its migrant working men were now coming back to the village with a failing kidney and in urgent need of transplants to cope with the harsh working conditions in their host countries, especially in the Gulf States and Malaysia.

One such victim was Jit Bahadur Gurung, who had worked in Saudi Arabia for three years before he started needing dialysis sessions in Kathmandu. The heat in the Middle Eastern country had caused his solitary kidney to fail.

It’s not just in Hokse, however. Dr. Pukar Shresth, a Nepalese surgeon, said he believes that at least one-third of all transplants in recent years were labor migrant workers who were working in high heat and with little water.

This estimate is startlingly similar to the findings of a 2023 study by the Nepal Development Society and La Isla Network, which found that 31 percent of patients in two Kathmandu dialysis centers were migrant workers. Half of them were just below 40 years old.

Their research found that the ailing returnee migrants suffered extreme workloads (36 percent); no breaks (37 percent); and exhaustion (68 percent).

Currently, Nepalese overseas workers represent only about 14 percent of its population – many of them working in Malaysia, the Gulf States, and India. It also means the sudden influx of kidney transplants could cause a huge burden on its taxed healthcare system, Shresth told Sky News.

It also highlighted the growing risks of working in the Gulf especially in light of the worsening impact of climate change. The Gulf States, already one of the driest in the world, are warming at an alarming pace – double the speed of the global average.

These states also face a severe water crisis in the coming decades, which could exacerbate Nepali migrant workers’ risk of developing chronic kidney disease, an irreversible condition.
A Nepali migrant worker who has been diagnosed with chronic kidney disease following years-long work experiences in Qatar and Kuwait awaits treatment in an unnamed local hospital. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sebastian Castelier)
Global/Regional
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Coughing up for health care
Despite the recent surge in global healthcare spending during the COVID-19 pandemic, a new report by Human Rights Watch (HRW) reveals a troubling reality: most governments are failing to invest adequately in public healthcare systems.

The analysis, based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) data, shows that in 2021 – while  the COVID-19 pandemic was still rolling – most countries fell short of recommended spending targets, said Jack Spehn, HRW senior associate for economic justice and rights.

Ideally, governments should allocate at least 5 percent of their GDP or 15 percent of their national budgets to healthcare. But the majority of the world’s nations failed to meet both benchmarks, Spehn said.

These included Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, which all spent below the ideal 5 percent threshold even at the height of the pandemic.

Moreover, he said, even while per capita GDP increased in many countries between 2019 and 2021, at least 40 countries saw a decrease in their public healthcare spending after adjusting for inflation. This indicates a deliberate shift in resource allocation away from public health despite economic growth.

“Sustained public financing on health is urgently needed to progress towards universal health coverage. It is especially critical at this time when the world is confronted by the climate crisis, conflicts and other complex emergencies,” said Dr. Bruce Aylward, WHO assistant director general, in a separate 2023 report.

The HRW analysis coincided with World Health Day (April 7), when WHO launched a campaign, dubbed “My Health, My Right,” urging universal access to quality health services as well as safe drinking water, clean air, good nutrition, quality housing, decent working and environmental conditions, and freedom from discrimination.

Currently, the WHO estimates that at least 2 billion people still find it hard to cope with health costs, prompting fresh calls for universal health care to scale up primary health care, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

“Realizing the right to health requires governments to pass and implement laws, invest, address discrimination, and be held accountable by their populations,” said WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.
A group of Thai people get their COVID-19 swab test at a mass testing event by a Bangkok hospital on April 19, 2021, the second year of the pandemic. (Photo: Shutterstock / Thavorn Rueang)
April 8, 2024
April 8, 2024

This week, we take a look at the first-ever apology of an academic society to Japan’s indigenous Ainu people; the continuing impunity in Laos’ cases of enforced disappearances; the harrowing ordeal of Nepalese migrant workers who are coming back home with chronic kidney disease; and the need to increase health care spending beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

April 1, 2024
April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

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