Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

April 15, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the disappearing native languages of Taiwan; Singapore’s crackdown on arms exports to Myanmar; a renewed campaign for transitional justice in Nepal; and the challenges of dealing with worsening heat waves in Asia, especially for children.

Taiwan
Saving endangered tongues
In Taiwan, the erosion of native languages is not just a linguistic issue but a profound cultural crisis with significant implications for their identity and heritage.

A recent survey by the Professor Huang Kun-huei Education Foundation has made this apparent as it shows that 68.4 percent of those surveyed believed that “native” languages – that is, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and Indigenous languages – were at risk of disappearing.

Even more sobering is that 67.5 percent of the respondents said their family members could no longer speak native languages.

These statistics, argued Taiwanese magazine New Bloom, seem to be spurred by government policies and contemporary attitudes. While Taiwan boasts a rich history of multilingualism – influenced by both its Indigenous communities and colonial encounters – the arrival of the Kuomintang (KMT), a Chinese political party, in Taiwan in 1949 and the mass migration from China led to the dominance of Mandarin Chinese, pushing native languages to the fringes.

These include the 16 languages of Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples, who make up around 2 percent of its 23.5 million population. Four of these languages are considered critically endangered by UNESCO – which, if lost forever, would mean the loss of traditional and cultural practices, Dremedreman a lja Tjuveleljem, a professional teacher of her native language Paiwan, told The Guardian.

Beyond that, studies have shown that preserving linguistic pluralism allows democracy to flourish as minority groups participate in political processes. It also fosters greater social cohesion when people respect different cultures.

Even after retreating to Taiwan, the KMT has continued to push for a pan-Chinese nationalism and promote Mandarin, even going so far as attacking the previous Tsai Ing-wen administration for supposedly “de-Sinicizing” Taiwan when it reduced the percentage of classical Chinese taught in schools.

Such policies, they said, were part of a broader pro-Taiwanese independence agenda as China continues to insist that the East Asian island nation is part of its territory.

Since 1998 Taiwan has enacted policies to revive Indigenous languages (e.g., Education Act, National Languages Act). However, critics argue that these policies prioritize national identity ("not China") over long-term language revitalization efforts like sufficient "mother-tongue" classes.
The Amis tribe in Taiwan’s Taitung province dance for the harvest year on Aug. 18, 2012. (Photo: Shutterstock / juan hung-yen)
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Singapore
Cutting off ties
In a serious blow to the embattled junta generals, Singapore has cracked down on exports of weapons materials to its Southeast Asian neighbor Myanmar, drastically reducing them by 83 percent within a year of a U.N. report identifying the city-state as the third biggest source of weapons to the junta.

U.N. special rapporteur on the human rights situation in Myanmar Thomas Andrews, who made this disclosure to Al Jazeera, also said Singapore “immediately responded” to his 2023 report before the U.N. Human Rights Council, “The Billion Dollar Death Trade,” which detailed how arms companies in Russia, China, Singapore, Thailand, and India continued to deliver machinery, equipment and raw materials to the Myanmar junta and allow them to commit further atrocities.

“This is a significant step forward and an example of how governments can make a difference for those who are in harm’s way in Myanmar,” Andrews said.

This does not mean, however, that arms exports from Singapore have completely stopped. In fact, Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan confirmed that the city state has not imposed a general trade ban on Myanmar, but that it was trying to prevent the sale of items that could be used to harm civilians.

These restrictions could escalate challenges for the junta led by Chief Min Aung Hlaing. Under his leadership the military has suffered severe battlefield setbacks from ethnic armed groups and resistance fighters, who have gained control of strategic areas along the borders with Thailand, China, and India.

The Myanmar military’s unprecedented losses to the ethnic armies are believed to have triggered the sudden enforcement of a 2010 mandatory conscription law, which requires men aged 18-45 and women aged 18-35 to join the military.

As things stand, there is still a long way to go to completely halt arms sales to the junta. Within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – which critics argued was in the best position to influence the junta – only Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Vietnam voted yes to a non-binding U.N. arms embargo in 2021.

Indonesia denies accusations that three state-owned armed enterprises have been selling weapons to the junta over the past decade, including after the 2021 coup. Beyond ASEAN, reports point to China, Russia, and India as Myanmar’s largest arms suppliers.
The Parliament House of Singapore, which recently cracked down on arms exports to Myanmar’s junta. (Photo: Shutterstock / Tang Yan Song)
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Nepal
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Listening first to victims
As Nepal prepares to select candidates to lead its two transitional justice commissions, rights groups have called on the government to listen to victims first before moving forward with any plans that would only impede justice.

Leading this call are Saathi and Global Network of Women Peacebuilders (GNWP), which recommended the crafting of a “clear, comprehensive and credible transitional justice work plan” to prop up its proposed amendments to the original 2014 Transitional Justice Act.

The TJA created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons, which were mandated to help exact accountability for the thousands of human rights abuses committed during Nepal’s 10-year civil war from 1996 to 2006.

However, not only did both commissions fail to finish a single investigation out of the 60,000 complaints it received, but its progress has also stalled after the Supreme Court struck down provisions that allowed for amnesty for grave violations.

This ruling spurred the creation of an amending law filed in parliament in 2023. But before it could be passed, Nepal already formed a committee to select new office-bearers for the two commissions.

Raju Chapagain, coordinator of the Accountability Watch Committee, said this move “would not give a solution to the existing problem” –  that is, the perceived lack of political will to implement the transitional justice process.

In fact, this was the main finding of Saathi and GNWP’s study into the stumbling blocks of the 2014 TJA. The study found that most victims were suffering from transitional justice fatigue over concerns that Dahal – who led the Maoist Communist Party of Nepal that waged the civil war that left over 17,800 people dead – was unwilling to pursue the prosecutions of his own comrades. who are seeking amnesty for serious violations.

Last year, Dahal said he asked U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres to help with Nepal’s transitional justice process.

In response, Guterres insisted that pending draft laws must be agreed upon by the victims themselves and comply with international laws and principles.
Nepal’s Prime Minister Pushpa Dahal, seen here during a festival in Gandaki province on April 29, 2023, is overseeing the amendment of a 2014 transitional justice bill over the human rights violations committed during the 10-year civil war. (Photo: Shutterstock / Tse Phuntsok)
Global/Regional
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Record heat to affect millions of children
More than 243 million children in Asia are at risk of heat-related illnesses and death as the region braces for record heat waves this coming summer, the U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF) warned, highlighting the increased pressures of climate change especially in vulnerable communities.

In an April 9 report, UNICEF urged the region’s governments to brace for “increasing intensity and frequency of heat waves over the coming months,” which could put millions of children exposed to extreme heat.

“Children are more vulnerable than adults to the effects of climate change, and excess heat is a potentially lethal threat to them,” said Debora Comini, Director of UNICEF Regional Office for East Asia and Pacific. "We must be on high alert this summer to protect children and vulnerable communities from worsening heatwaves and other climate shocks.”

UNICEF’s latest advisory aligns with its 2022 research – the agency’s first such report on heat waves and its impact on children – which said that by 2050, virtually every child on earth would be exposed to more and hotter heat waves.

Children are especially vulnerable to heat waves, as their bodies aren’t as adept at regulating temperature. This makes them more susceptible to heatstroke, dehydration, and even chronic health problems like asthma and heart disease.

The same report said that two out of five children in Asia – particularly India and Pakistan – were exposed to high temperatures in 2020, and that the number could go as high as one in every two children by 2050. It lamented that children “were the least responsible for climate change (but) are bearing its biggest costs.”

Last year, UNICEF also released a report saying that three-quarters of South Asia’s children were exposed to extreme high temperatures, as the region is already facing the compounding challenges of water scarcity, intensifying droughts and cyclones.

It can also affect their health, mental well-being, education and even nutrition, as seen in the series of class suspensions in the Philippines due to overbearing heat. In India, the record-breaking series of heat waves last year led to several infants and toddlers getting less sleep, stunting their growth.

But despite the bleak outlooks of climate reports, the world’s governments have yet to decisively curb emissions and shift to more sustainable forms of energy. This has led to a new form of depression called “eco-anxiety” especially among the world’s youth, characterized as feelings of helplessness and betrayal from their government’s inadequate response to climate change.
Two people walk past the Akshardham Temple in the capital New Delhi in India during a heat wave on May 9, 2022. (Photo: Shutterstock / PradeepGaurs)
April 15, 2024
April 15, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the disappearing native languages of Taiwan; Singapore’s crackdown on arms exports to Myanmar; a renewed campaign for transitional justice in Nepal; and the challenges of dealing with worsening heat waves in Asia, especially for children.

April 8, 2024
April 8, 2024

This week, we take a look at the first-ever apology of an academic society to Japan’s indigenous Ainu people; the continuing impunity in Laos’ cases of enforced disappearances; the harrowing ordeal of Nepalese migrant workers who are coming back home with chronic kidney disease; and the need to increase health care spending beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

April 1, 2024
April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

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