Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

Tibet
Celebration or farce?
To Tibetans it was bad enough that they were forced to take part in the Dec. 26 public celebrations of Mao Zedong's 130th birth anniversary by Chinese authorities. Making matters worse, the state officials who organized the events credited the late leader with the "peaceful liberation of Tibet" in 1950.

According to an anonymous young Tibetan residing in the capital Lhasa, who spoke to Radio Free Asia (RFA), the occasion was used as a platform to disseminate false narratives about Tibet and present a fabricated version of Tibet's past favoring Mao.

The celebrations reportedly portrayed an independent, pre-invasion Tibet as backward and impoverished. Tibetans-in-exile described such a depiction as a deliberate attempt to legitimize China’s violent invasion and annexation of the country.

China’s claim during the commemorative event in Tibet echoes its previous assertions that Tibet had always been an integral part of its historical territory – a claim vehemently rejected by Tibetans, who argue that the Chinese incursion marked the beginning of the state’s illicit control over the region, leading to the erosion of human rights in an otherwise autonomous region.

The same RFA source added that Chinese officials again brought up the narrative that the Dalai Lama signed the historical "17-Point Agreement" with Beijing in 1951 of their own free will. But experts and human rights advocates, including Tibetans-in-exile, have long asserted that Chinese occupying forces coerced the Tibetan side into signing the declaration, threatening a full-scale war if they refused.

It’s no secret that China is using all available media, including commemorative events, to shape public perception of China’s control over Tibet.

In 2023 China ramped up efforts to fend off attempts by Tibetans-in-exile to safeguard their nation’s history and culture against Chinese propaganda. In October 2023, China replaced the use of the term "Tibet" with "Xizang" – its romanized Chinese name – on all official diplomatic documents. It has also transferred large populations of Han Chinese to the region to dilute the Tibetan population.

China’s forced assimilation of Tibet has included the establishment of compulsory boarding schools for Tibetan children – an act that the international community has denounced. Stephen Rapp, former ambassador for global war crime issues at the U.S. State Department, called these facilities a “weapon of cultural destruction, which could constitute a crime against humanity.”
A large poster featuring Chinese leaders is displayed at a central part of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa. (Photo: Shutterstock / Almazoff)
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Singapore
Protecting the right to non-disclosure
Singapore's health ministry has started to review a law requiring those with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) to disclose their status before engaging in intimate relations – a measure that has been criticized by health advocates for its potential to deepen the stigma surrounding HIV.

Health officials are currently conducting a review of the 1992 law in light of the “latest scientific evidence” showing that people living with HIV who have been compliant with treatment and have maintained a stable, undetectable viral load have practically no risk of transmitting HIV to their sexual partners.

The review is timely as at least six people in Singapore have been sentenced to imprisonment for failing to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners. Penalties for violators were raised in 2008, extending the maximum jail term from two years to 10 years.

Action for Aids Singapore said punitive HIV laws were more “likely to prevent access to HIV services.”

The nonprofit has been calling for a review of such legislation following the 2022 conviction of an HIV-positive man, who did not have a detectable viral load, for not disclosing his status to his two partners.

The Global Commission on HIV has discouraged countries from enacting laws that criminalize HIV non-disclosure, as well as transmission and exposure, as these are “stigmatizing and counter-productive to public health.” The international body added that special cases where HIV transmission is deliberate can be dealt with using general criminal laws.

Singapore remains one of six Southeast Asian countries that do not have HIV-specific anti-discrimination laws. The region itself is home to some 3.9 million who are living with HIV as of 2022, according to the World Health Organization.

According to health researchers, the absence of legal safeguards to protect persons living with HIV from discrimination makes the disclosure law especially harmful.

A 2022 study by the National University of Singapore and National University Health System said requiring disclosure from persons living with HIV essentially exposes them to risk “without commensurately protecting them from the potential harms that result.”
Amid the global drive to end HIV stigma and discrimination, some countries like Singapore still need to do more to bring this goal to reality. (Photo: Shutterstock / mikeforemniakowski)
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Nepal
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Quashing a dream
The death of two protesters who took part in a recent mass demonstration in Lalitpur city in Nepal, demanding to sit a critical exam that, if passed, would enable them to work in South Korea, illustrates the sense of desperation driving many of the country’s youth to find employment opportunities offshore.    

During the clash with police, who reportedly used force against hundreds of demonstrators, one of the two victims bore a gunshot wound, which was believed to have caused his death. The other "died later" after escaping the clash, according to police.

Public outrage, particularly among young Nepalis, stemmed from a government move that excluded thousands of applicants from taking a test that they had hoped would make them eligible for manufacturing jobs in the East Asian country.

Due to the government's decision to conduct exams prematurely, approximately 28,000 individuals who previously failed the shipbuilding exam – a different test – were barred from applying for employment opportunities in another category, manufacturing.  Nepal authorities issued this order in August after it received a letter from South Korea on July 31 informing them of the new policy disallowing an individual from applying to multiple job categories.

Following the protesters’ deaths, a Nepal court has issued an interim order allowing all applicants to take exams in any category under the Employment Permit System (EPS).

Desperation to find work abroad among Nepali youth and a perceived “injustice” in the application process for the coveted jobs prompted a series of protests outside the government’s EPS office. At the Dec. 29 protest rally, at least 70 were arrested during the deadly clash with police.

The incident also underscores the severe lack of job opportunities in Nepal, forcing thousands of its youth to aspire to work abroad. In 2022, the government estimated that  every day around 3,000 Nepali youth went overseas for foreign employment.

Nepali youth have increasingly regarded South Korea as a more attractive work destination compared to the Gulf countries due to the relatively higher pay and better benefits afforded by the former. More than 143,000 people have applied for the language proficiency tests for manufacturing jobs in South Korea although only 15,800 slots are up for grabs.
A worker toils away in a construction site in Nepal, where thousands were recently barred from taking a test that would make them eligible for manufacturing jobs in South Korea. (Photo: Shutterstock / Rabilal Poudel)
Global/Regional
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Flagging spies
More journalists in India have been targeted by the notorious Pegasus spyware, according to  a a joint investigation by Amnesty International and the Washington Post, illustrating how governments continue to resort to the highly invasive spyware to surveil critics.

This comes after tech giant Apple issued warning notifications to users worldwide who may have been targeted by "state-sponsored" attacks. This included 20 opposition leaders and journalists in India.

To date, Pegasus has been deployed in more than 45 countries, including those in Asia such as India and Thailand. Investigations indicate that governments have been using the mobile phone spyware against journalists and other members of civil society, according to a 2018 research by the digital watchdog group Citizen Lab Report.

The group also noted that countries where Pegasus activity has been detected are known to have poor human rights records and a history of abusing technology to target critics and members of civil society.

A recent forensic investigation found that the spyware had been covertly installed on the devices of three high-profile members of the Indian press, including a journalist who had previously fallen victim to the software, with the latest attack allegedly taking place in October 2023.

Pegasus is a highly sophisticated spyware developed by Israeli cyber intelligence firm NSO Group that can infiltrate smartphones and grant attackers unprecedented access to personal data, messages, emails, and even the ability to activate the device's camera and microphone.

NSO Group has defended itself in response to these latest findings, saying that it has only allowed the use of its products by “vetted law enforcement and intelligence agencies” that do so for the “sole purpose of fighting terror and major crime.”

The Israel-based firm has also asserted that its contracts have a mechanism to avoid the use of its spyware to target journalists and other members of civil society.

Despite these assurances, controversy continues to hound the cyber intelligence firm. In 2023, two rights activists in Thailand who were victims of Pegasus attacks sued the Thai government for allegedly using the spyware developed by the Israeli company.
A mobile phone displays the webpage of Israeli technology company NSO Group Technologies Ltd., the creator of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware. (Photo: Shutterstock / T. Schneider)
January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

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