Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

China
Ditching accountability
China has continued to enforce – and even intensify – its assimilation policies in Tibet by essentially strangling all forms of dissent and barring them from practicing their faith and culture, highlighting the communist nation’s resistance to international pressure when it comes to allegations of human rights violations.

On March 25, the Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) – a rights group established in Dharamshala in India by Tibetans in exile – published its annual report on the human rights situation in Tibet, in which it highlighted “extreme restrictions” on virtually every sphere of Tibetan life.

Among others, peaceful dissent has become a near-impossibility. Online platforms are censored, religious practices criminalized, and pilgrimages restricted. The Dalai Lama remains demonized, with Tibetans punished for devotion.

Even more alarming is the expunging of provisions in a 1993 regulation on Tibetan language that ensured the use of Tibetan language as a medium of education as well as in the region’s political, economic and cultural spheres. Several private Tibetan schools were also closed, a move which TCHRD said was “part of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s aggressive policy of forced cultural assimilation.”

China’s Sinicization policy in Tibet aims to assimilate Tibetans into mainstream Han Chinese culture. Its overall goal, according to rights groups and the Tibetan government-in-exile in Dharamshala,  (which is also in Dharamshala), is to weaken Tibetan cultural identity and make Tibet an inseparable part of China.

Beyond stifling Tibetan culture, Beijing is also accused of using surveillance technology to monitor Tibetans and discourage dissent, and of forcibly disappearing Tibetan activists. Tibetan rights groups like the Tibet Action Institute and the International Campaign for Tibet have called it a form of cultural genocide.

China, however, has stubbornly refused to acknowledge these allegations – as well as similar alleged abuses against the Uyghurs in Xinjiang – as seen in its past Universal Periodic Reviews submitted to the U.N. Human Rights Council of which it is a member.

China has repeatedly gamed and manipulated such mechanisms to shield itself from scrutiny, as seen when it reported having accepted 284 out of 346 UPR recommendations that were “weak, vague or based on flawed assumptions.”

Vaguely worded recommendations from other undemocratic countries like Russia and Venezuela, meanwhile, appear to help China skirt accountability for abuses in both Tibet and Xinjiang.
Vestiges of Tibetan culture and faith, such as this ritual ceremony by monks in a prayer hall at Rumtek monastery in India, are under threat as China continues its relentless campaign to “Sinicize” Tibet and assimilate them in mainstream Han Chinese culture. (Photo: Shutterstock / ImagesofIndia)
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Vietnam
Deadly crackdown on free speech
Vietnam’s arrest of two Facebook bloggers who criticized the country’s death penalty system has thrust into focus two troubling trends in the Southeast Asian country: its liberal use of capital punishment and its unrelenting suppression of dissent.

On March 28, police charged bloggers Nguyen Duc Du and Hoang Quoc Viet with "abusing democratic freedoms to infringe the interests of the state" under Article 331 of Vietnam's Penal Code.

The charges stem from social media posts they made questioning the conviction of Ho Duy Hai, who was sentenced to death in 2008 for robbery and murder despite allegations of a flawed investigation and lack of key evidence.

Based on the monitoring of local rights group The 88 Project, the bloggers’ case brings to at least 68 the number of people prosecuted under Article 331, which critics say is used by the government to suppress criticism.

Their case also has shined a light on Vietnam’s death penalty system, which applies to at least 18 crimes, mostly drug offenses. However, capital punishment also covers vaguely defined crimes like “infringing upon national security” or “spying.”

Vietnam is among seven Southeast Asian countries – including Thailand, Laos, Singapore, Laos, Malaysia, and Indonesia (though the last two have abolished mandatory death penalty or have not implemented executions since 2016, respectively) – that continue to implement the death penalty even as most of the world pivots away from it. In 2022, Vietnam emerged as the region’s biggest executioner, though it is notoriously secretive about its executions.

A particularly controversial case involved Nguyen Van Chuong, who was sentenced to death for the alleged murder of a police officer in 2007 even though it is widely believed that he was tortured into confession. Authorities refused to confirm if he had been executed.

Experts argue that Vietnam's liberal use of the death penalty serves a dual purpose: to control its citizens through fear and to boost the country's international image through selective amnesties. The recent commutations of 23 death sentences follow this pattern, raising concerns about their true purpose.

“Every year, Vietnam hands out hundreds of death sentences to drug traffickers and murderers,” veteran lawyer Van Dai told Radio Free Asia. “If all the death inmates were executed, the international community would pillory Vietnam.”
A French colonial-era guillotine is on display in Ho Chi Minh’s War Remnants Museum. Decades on, Vietnam still imposes the death penalty using lethal injection. (Photo: Shutterstock / Nils Versemann)
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Bangladesh
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A mosque opens to transgenders but …
Bangladesh recently inaugurated a new mosque that welcomes members of the hijra (third-gender) community, in a landmark move that allows the world’s oldest transgender community to practice their faith without being discriminated against.

Built on donated government land in the capital Dhaka and opened last week, the “Dakshin Char Kalibari Masjid for the Third Gender'' symbolizes a safe haven for prayer and community for the hijra, who are often shooed away from mosques because of their gender identity. Its construction was funded by the local hijra themselves.

Mufti Abdur Rahman Azad, founder of a hijra charity, told AFP that the mosque is the “first of its kind” in the Muslim-majority country, which officially allowed the hijra to identify themselves as a third gender in 2013. The same ruling made them eligible for priority in education and certain jobs.

It’s also a rare victory for the community who became more vulnerable to violence and bigotry after the rise of populist leader Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, who has pandered to Islamic fundamentalism. While she has not outright shunned them, her government has, however, turned a blind eye on the continuing cases of violence and harassment against them, Human Rights Watch researcher Kyle Knight told The Telegraph.

In neighboring Nepal, Pakistan, and India, hijras have also been legally recognized as a third gender. But social acceptance has not kept pace with legal progress amid prejudice and other forms of discrimination such as in labor and housing markets.

This falls into the broader pattern of continued discrimination of transgenders and nonbinary people across Asia, where at least 9 million transgender people live. Even with some recent legal improvements, such as states officially recognizing their gender or abolishing mandatory sterilization for transgender people, lack of enforcement and social stigma leave this sector’s rights and safety at risk.

A report by the Telegraph said that the hijra once enjoyed an “almost-mythical” status in South Asia, and had their own holy caste and performed important ceremonial roles, only to be relegated to the fringes. This was fueled in part by British rule in the 19th century, when the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 criminalized the hijra community.

In India, hijra activists are taking advantage of their historically auspicious position in Hinduism to reassert themselves amid the rise of Hindutva nationalism. While Hindu families pay them to dance at births and marriages, they are banned from engaging in the same rites.
Bangladeshi hijras (transgender), pictured here in the capital Dhaka on Nov. 10, 2014, have been officially recognized by the Muslim-majority nation since 2013. But prejudice against them persists to this day. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sk Hasan Ali)
Global/Regional
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Facing a shortfall
Large infrastructure projects promised by China are falling short of expectations in Southeast Asia, as a result of political instability, lack of local community involvement, and failed or canceled fossil fuel projects in host countries, according to an Australian think tank report.

Released on March 28 by the Sydney-based Lowy Institute, the “Mind the Gap” report said that while China remains the region's biggest infrastructure financier, a significant gap exists between its commitments and actual delivery.

An analysis of 24 major Belt and Road (BRI) infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia revealed that eight projects worth US$16 billion have been completed; eight projects amounting to US$35 billion were on track but reduced in scope; while five projects estimated at US$21 billion have been canceled.

Part of the problem is that the ambitious scale of many BRI projects also means they face greater political and financial challenges. In Malaysia, for example, plans for its East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) became saddled with suspensions and renegotiations under different leaders; in the Philippines, ongoing tensions with the South China Sea prompted President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to drop Chinese funding.

The lack of local community involvement in BRI projects stems from China’s top-down approach with limited transparency, say critics, leading to issues like resistance and project delays. Examples include the Jakarta-Bandung railway's cost overruns due to land acquisition problems and the Phnom Penh Airport's delays triggered by protests from local landowners who felt unheard.

This is not the first time that the BRI was flagged for its impact on local communities. In 2021, the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre (BHRRC) said there were at least 679 incidents of human rights abuses linked to BRI projects between 2013 and 2020, a third of which happened in Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Indonesia.

Many of the affected communities were displaced and inadequately compensated when a disaster inevitably struck the project.

A study by Yale found that many BRI projects bear far-reaching environmental impacts as over 80 percent are powered by fossil fuels, while a 2020 research by University of Cambridge senior research associate Elia Apostolopoulou found that many China-backed projects – while promoting modernism in cities – tend to deepen inequality between the rich and marginalized communities.

Nevertheless, Beijing appears to remain committed to pursuing a “long-lasting and more responsive” BRI by shifting away from megaprojects and focusing more on risk management, due diligence, and higher environmental and social standards, Lowy Institute said.
Cambodia’s Phnom Penh airport, whose modernization is supposed to be financed by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has been beset by delays amid an ongoing land dispute. (Photo: Shutterstock / Kanokratnok)
April 1, 2024
April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

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