Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

Japan
Gendered sufferings
Japan’s low crime rates belie a notoriously repressive prison system alleged to be abusive to its inmates. And now, a new Human Rights Watch report suggests that women bear the brunt of inhumane conditions in the country’s prison cells.

The 102-page report, “‘They Don’t Treat Us like Human Beings’: Abuse of Imprisoned Women in Japan,” details how prison authorities verbally abuse their wards, handcuff pregnant women while they give birth, lodge transgender women in men’s prisons, and even deny them opportunities to parent their child while in prison.

Women were also subjected to arbitrary and excessive punishment. For example, a female inmate reported being put in solitary confinement and ordered “to sit still in a certain pose.”

Many of these issues are rooted in Japan’s overreliance on imprisonment as a punitive measure, resulting in prison overcrowding and understaffing that in turn make abuse more likely to occur.

In 1995 – when Japan heralded the absence of riots or escapees from its prisons – the HRW raised concerns that the “lack of serious prison disturbances” in the country’s penal system “may be related to the draconian discipline and fear among prisoners and not necessarily the general contentment of the prison population.”

This is the reality for over 3,900 women now imprisoned in 11 women’s prisons across Japan, where they constituted 10.3 percent of all inmates in 2021. Ironically, the East Asian country – which has one of the world’s lowest incarceration rates at 37 per 100,000 people – also has one of the highest ratios of imprisoned women.

Many of the women were deprived of liberty over paltry charges of petty theft and mere drug possession and use charges, which HRW argued should not be met with imprisonment in the first place.

These track with global trends that show women making up the fastest growing population in a prison system designed by men for male prisoners. It is not uncommon, for example, to hear of reports of women being sexually assaulted or subjected to unnecessary strip searches.

Many prisons across the world also ignore established rules intended to protect women inmates, such as the U.N. Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders, otherwise known as Bangkok Rules, adopted in 2010.
Tokyo’s prison system is marked by allegations of cruel conditions for its inmates, which especially affect the women prisoners comprising 10.3 percent of the prison population. (Photo: Shutterstock / Anurak Pongpatimet)
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Myanmar
Losing territorial grip
Almost three years since it seized power, Myanmar’s junta may be losing control of the war after suffering huge territorial losses to ethnic insurgent armies and resistance forces in recent weeks, according to experts and other observers.

Ethnic minority rebel groups have joined forces with pro-democracy fighters to oust the junta from power.

A recent incident that shows the military is losing its grip on power is the Oct. 27 offensive in northern Shan State, which saw several key areas bordering China seized by a collective of ethnic rebel groups, called “Three Brotherhood Alliance,” and other resistance forces. The Alliance’s coordinated attacks, called 1027, referring to the date the assaults were launched, aimed "to safeguard the lives of civilians, assert our right to self defence, maintain control over our territory and respond resolutely to ongoing artillery attacks and airstrikes" by the junta..

Since Oct. 27, the junta has lost more than 100 military outposts and key border towns and checkpoints, and will likely lose its most important border crossings, representing more than 40 percent of cross-border trade. These losses have reinvigorated hope among the ethnic armed armies seeking to dismantle the junta regime and establish a federal democratic union.

National War College professor Zachary Abuza attributes the losses to a smaller military that has been “depleted through combat losses, defections, and desertions”.

Myanmar’s junta may be edging toward a “terminal decline” after suffering huge territorial losses to ethnic insurgent armies and resistance forces, says Loughborough University research fellow Ronan Lee.

“Far from sharing the military government’s fears of shrinking territorial control, it’s likely that most among Myanmar’s 55 million people will celebrate the army’s territorial losses,” he said.

As new leaders emerge amid Myanmar’s collective fight to oust the junta and restore democracy in the country, The Economist has urged Western powers to reinvigorate their support for the Southeast Asian country’s pro-democracy struggle. Otherwise, it warns, “the West’s near-absence in back-channel diplomacy is leaving the field open to outside powers, including China, which care little about democracy and rights."
Tatmadaw soldiers patrol Taunggyi, the capital city of the northern Shan State in Myanmar, about a month after Feb. 1, 2021 to keep an eye on protests. (Photo: Shutterstock / R. Bociaga)
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Sri Lanka
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A rare victory for accountability
A landmark Sri Lankan Supreme Court ruling on Nov. 14 holding the once-powerful Rajapaksa brothers – former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and former Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa – responsible for the worst economic crisis in the island-nation’s history is now seen as a symbolic victory against corrupt governments.

In a 265-page verdict on the fundamental rights petition filed by Transparency International Sri Lanka (TISL) and four other activists, a five-judge bench ruled that 13 former officials, including former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa and his brother, former Prime Minister Mahinda, had violated public trust by mishandling the economy.

“(Their) actions, omissions, decisions and conduct [...] demonstrably contributed to the economic crisis,” the ruling said. “The respondents ought to have known the factual situation that prevailed when they assumed public office and they should have fashioned their acts and efforts to ensure that the situation is not further aggravated but resolved.”

This rare legal victory is not the first time an Asian leader has been held to account by a court of law. Former Pakistan Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (found guilty of corruption in 1999), South Korea’s Park Geun-hye (found guilty of corruption and coercion charges), former Philippines president Joseph Estrada (convicted of plunder in 2007), Indonesia’s Suharto (charged with corruption in 2000), and Thailand’s Yingluck Sinawatra (sentenced in absentia to five years in jail in 2017 after being impeached by a military-appointed legislature) had to face criminal charges after being ousted from office.

As the Sri Lankan court’s decision metes out no punishment, it was deemed more symbolic than punitive. Still, the petitioners saw it as a landmark ruling that set a precedent for accountability and transparency in government and affirmed that the decisions of elected officials have a direct impact on people’s rights to equality, freedom of expression and information.

In filing the petition, TISL argued that the respondents, who also included President Ranil Wickremesinghe, “victimized the entire population in an unprecedented manner. With this decision, TISL told AFP it was now “up to the citizens to take any further action.”

The named officials in the petition were either sacked or resigned after last year’s nationwide “Gota Go Home” demonstrations, which demanded the ouster of then president Gotabaya Rajapaksa. Many were angry over the power outages, shortages of basic goods and rising prices that characterized his administration.

At the time, Colombo’s economy shrank 7.8 percent, made worse by soaring inflation, a plunging rupee, and record-high interest rates. Gotabaya was also accused of allowing the country to get locked in China’s debt trap diplomacy and of having won the presidency with Beijing funding his campaign.
Former Sri Lankan Prime Minister Mahinda Rajapaksa, seen here during the ministerial swearing in ceremony in the capital city of Colombo last Nov. 21, 2019, is named alongside his brother and former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa as one of the former officials responsible for the nation’s worst economic crisis yet. (Photo: Shutterstock / Ruwan Walpola)
Global/Regional
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Upholding child rights
Far from its usual pomp-filled celebrations, this year’s World Children’s Day, Nov. 20, was marked by mourning and grief as governments and civil society commemorated children across the world who have died in conflict, particularly in the Gaza Strip.

Hoping to spare more children from needless deaths, the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child renewed its calls for peace and accountability for all grave violations of children's rights in conflict zones.

“In the face of wars affecting children around the globe, we call again for ceasefires, for a return to the basics of humanitarian law, and for thorough investigations by competent authorities of all grave violations against children in the context of armed conflict,” the committee said.

The statement comes as the world marked the 34th year since the adoption of the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) – the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history. The framework acknowledges that all children have inalienable rights, and mandates governments to protect and uphold these rights.

“However, children today are living in a world that is increasingly hostile to their rights,” said U.N. Children’s Fund (UNICEF) executive director Catherine Russell.

This calls to mind not only Palestine, where over 4,600 children have been killed by airstrikes by the Israeli Defense Forces within the last five weeks alone, but also other conflict-torn countries. From Ukraine to Afghanistan, from Syria to Myanmar, children are no longer “untouchable” under the rules of war, but are instead killed or maimed, raped, recruited into armed groups, abducted, or denied basic humanitarian services.

From 2005 to 2022, the U.N. documented over 266,000 grave violations against children across the world. At least 468 million children – or a quarter of the world’s 2.4 billion child population – lived in areas affected by armed conflict. This exposes them to starvation and extreme poverty and stunts their physical, mental, and psychosocial development.

The situation in Asia is just as dire. In 2021, approximately 152 million children in Asia were living in conflict zones, representing 29 percent of all children in the region.

The need “to create an environment where children can thrive, play and speak up for their rights while being protected from poverty, violence, conflict and crime,” in the words of Child Rights Connect Asia, cannot be underscored enough.
Afghan children live in refugee tents outside the capital Kabul after the 2021 Taliban takeover that has since plunged the country in violence and poverty. (Photo: Shutterstock / Trent Inness)
November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

November 28, 2022
November 28, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Apple’s albatross; an unfolding catastrophe for Afghan children; the new UN treaty to end the age of pernicious plastics; and the good news for Singapore’s gig workers.

November 21, 2022
November 21, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the youth from the Global South who made the most of their seat at the table at COP27; the Thai police who show zero tolerance for peaceful protests; the attacks on press freedom in South Korea; and the too-few Nepali women in the political arena.

November 14, 2022
November 14, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the Philippines’ human rights in the spotlight; the modern slaves behind football’s biggest party; the harmful practice endured by women and girls in Asia; and the new mandatory disclosures that can close the gender pay gap in Japan.

November 7, 2022
November 7, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the shocking impunity of murderers of media workers; Pyongyang’s record-breaking missile barrage; a call to starve Myanmar’s military junta of fuel for its deadly air attacks; and the landmark ruling that banned a traumatic test in India.

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