Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

Taiwan
A win for Taiwan’s democracy
The historic win of Taiwan’s ruling Democratic Progressive Party’s candidate Lai Ching-te in last Saturday’s (Jan. 13) presidential elections proved to be a strong rebuff to China, with 40 percent of the votes cast in his favor.

Prior to the vote, China had been warning voters against the pro-independence presidential frontrunner, whom it described as advocating the “evil path” of independence and therefore a “severe danger.”

Lai narrowly beat two other candidates from the China-friendly Kuomintang Party and the Taiwan People’s Party. His victory in the three-way race marked an unprecedented third consecutive term for the DPP.

Lai’s win, along with  the peaceful democratic exercise that swept him to power, was also seen as a reaffirmation of a working Taiwan democracy – a standout in a region that has seen a backslide of civil liberties.

But the lead-up to election day was marred by what experts said was a coordinated and mostly China-led disinformation campaign against Lai and the DPP. Using fake survey results, conspiracy theories, and other tactics, dubious actors attempted to draw votes away from Lai.

Amid the barrage of election-related disinformation, Lai said China’s meddling in the 2024 polls was its worst interference yet.

Research by the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab found that Beijing-owned media companies paid for Facebook advertisements calling Lai a “lackey of the United States” and alleging his presidency would signal an impending war.

Days before election day, China's Taiwan Affairs Office warned that a Lai presidency would lead to more “Taiwan independence separatist activities (and create) turbulence in the Taiwan Strait.”

China backed the presidential candidate of the opposition and China-friendly Nationalist, or Kuomintang, Party.

Experts said that Lai’s narrow win, Taiwan’s divided opposition, and the likelihood of more sanctions imposed by Beijing mean that Taiwan’s new leader must overcome domestic divides to keep the constituents’ confidence.

Despite the euphoria among Lai’s supporters following his victory, which could reshape U.S.-China relations, concerns remain around a potential escalation of tensions between China and Taiwan. With nearly half of the world’s container ships passing through the Taiwan Strait every year for trade, this could spell disaster for the global economy and threaten the security of countries with a large U.S. military presence, says BBC.
Democratic Progressive Party presidential candidate Lai Ching-te delivers a speech during a campaign rally in Keelung, Taiwan on Jan. 8, 2024. (Photo: Shutterstock / Alex Chan Tsz Yuk)
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Indonesia
Deepfake-fueled election campaign
As Indonesia gears up for its next general elections (Feb. 24) – the world's largest single-day vote in 2024 – a deepfake image of the late dictator Suharto has become part of the campaign in an apparent effort to boost the election chances of a political party that generated the fake video.

A senior official of the Golkar Party – which backs the presidential bid of current Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto, Suharto’s former son-in-law – reanimated the late dictator Suharto and uploaded a video of him calling on Indonesians to vote for Golkar candidates.

The video, which went viral after being posted Jan. 6, featured a fake Suharto wearing a batik shirt urging the Indonesian people’s support for the party’s representative to the House of Representatives to continue his “dream” for “Indonesia’s advancement.”

Suharto ruled Indonesia uninterrupted for three decades and was known as a divisive figure in Indonesian history. His rule was marked by both human rights abuses and what his supporters believed to be substantial economic progress – even though the period immediately after his resignation in 1998 was marked by a devastating economic crisis.

The Suharto-founded political party has been trying, in recent years, to rehabilitate the image and legacy of the strongman. But while the party has tried to deploy nostalgia in the past to court voters, this latest attempt to draw in Suharto loyalists is seen as an unethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

Indonesia is one of a record number of countries in Asia that will hold elections this year. Disinformation researchers have already flagged the potential for AI-generated deepfakes to confuse or mislead voters, especially with the ease with which these can be created and circulated on social media.

Already, there have been deepfake videos of Indonesia’s three presidential candidates and their running mates for the upcoming elections. The lack of government and platform regulations also makes deepfakes more difficult to stamp out.

"In environments where misinformation is already prevalent, AI-generated content can further skew public perception and influence voting behavior," said Nuurrianti Jalli Jalli, an assistant professor at Oklahoma State University's media school.

This is not the first time social media have been used to undermine elections in the world’s fourth most populous democracy. In 2019, Widodo and Subianto – then rivals for the presidency – were discovered to have used “shadow teams” that attacked the other camp through hoaxes and black campaigns.
Statue of the late Indonesian leader Suharto, whose image was recently revived through deepfake technology to drum up support for the Golkar Party ahead of Indonesia’s February elections. (Photo: Shutterstock / Syarif Abdurrahman)
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Bhutan
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Democratic bright spot
South Asia’s youngest democracy Bhutan has reelected its former prime minister Tshering Tobgay, candidate of the liberal People's Democratic Party (PDP), in their recent parliamentary elections.

Tobgay’s win in Bhutan’s Jan. 9 elections – the country’s fourth free elections since transitioning from a monarchy 15 years ago – signals the PDP’s return to power after losing the 2018 polls. Tobgay served as prime minister from 2013 to 2018.

The peaceful conduct of Bhutan’s elections is seen as a bright spot in South Asia, where elections are often mired in controversy and, most recently in Bangladesh, allegations of vote rigging and absence of a clear opposition.

The outcome of the recent polls in the landlocked country in south-central Asia has not been questioned or challenged by the losing candidate. Neither have there been calls for a boycott of the election unlike elsewhere in South Asia.

It’s a testament to Bhutan’s commitment to a free and fair electoral process that it has been able to vote out every political party that has won power, said political analyst and journalist Omair Ahmad. Since it started holding elections in 2008, Bhutan has seen peaceful power transfers between different political parties in each cycle – the Druk Phuensum Tshogpa (DPT) in 2008, the PDP in 2013, the Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa (DNT) in 2018, and then the PDP again in the most recent polls.

Ahmad observed that although no single party has retained a long hold on power in the South Asian kingdom, there is no mistaking Bhutan’s “stable and deepening of democracy.” Coupled with the growing number of eligible political parties, candidates now have more “detailed pledges” compared to the “relatively empty slogans of earlier elections,” he said.

But while its vibrant democracy stands out as an outlier in the region, its latest election was held against a backdrop of a government still struggling to pull the country out of its post-pandemic economic slump. A record number of young Bhutanese are leaving in droves as youth unemployment hit 29 percent in 2023, according to the World Bank.

So dire is the brain drain in Bhutan that Tobgay’s campaign mainly focused on addressing Bhutan’s "unprecedented economic challenges and mass exodus.” His election manifesto also stressed the need to entice migrant Bhutanese workers to return and "actively participate in nation-building."
Bhutan has elected as its new leader the liberal People's Democratic Party (PDP) candidate, Tshering Tobgay, who previously served as prime minister from 2013 to 2018. (Photo: Shutterstock / Derek Brumby)
Global/Regional
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Human rights: Asia’s tradeoff?
Governments in Asia escalated rights abuses and further slid toward authoritarianism in 2023, according to a recent report by the global human rights watchdog Human Rights Watch, highlighting the region’s continued democratic backslide amid worsening inequalities.

The report, which was released on Jan. 11, described a worsening state of repression in several Asian countries and raised concerns on the “transactional diplomacy” that it said underscored democratic governments’ refusal to hold neighboring countries like China and Vietnam to account for their repression of ethnic minorities and suppression of free speech, respectively.

The report noted in particular the intensified crackdown against the rights of the LGBTQ+ community in Afghanistan and the risks of forced deportation constantly hounding Myanmar asylum seekers in Thailand. It also denounced other Asian governments for their human rights abuses: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, North Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos.

Human Rights Watch Asia Director Elaine Pearson denounced how established democracies in the region, like India, Indonesia, Japan and South Korea, have failed to “provide leadership” in calling out rights abuses in the region.

Rights monitoring group Civicus last year noted that more Asian countries had joined the ranks of governments suppressing civil liberties. Sri Lanka, for example, was added to the list of Asian countries with a repressed status, increasing the total to eight from the previous year's seven.

The most prevalent rights violations observed in the Asia Pacific region concern the use of force to threaten or intimidate activists and journalists, as well as the use of censorship to double down on dissenters, according to Civicus.

While millions in the region also remain trapped in poverty, the erosion of democratic spaces has posed challenges to addressing income inequalities in the region, a report by the United Nations Development Programme in November 2023 noted.

Alarmed by the trend of authoritarianism in the region, Southeast Asian parliamentarians joined calls for the United Nations to create a new rapporteur position that would review the state of democracy worldwide, including in Southeast Asia.

A U.N. Special Rapporteur on Democracy will help “keep these issues at the forefront and signal to naysayers that democratic principles and practices offer the best conditions for peace and prosperity,” said Ann Hudock, president and CEO of Counterpart International, a U.S.-based nonprofit.
Demonstrators hold banners outside the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to protest against China’s abuse of Uyghur Muslims, Dec. 27, 2019. (Photo: Shutterstock / Asyraf Rasid 90)
January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

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