Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

Macao
Tighter grip on Macao
Macao's lawmakers have approved two new national security laws that guarantee only "patriots" aligned with Beijing can run for chief executive while giving the government greater power to expand the scope of what is considered a state secret.

Under the new election law, candidates for the post of head of the Macao government must sign a declaration of allegiance to Beijing and the special administrative region.

The second legislation on the protection of state secrets – the violation of which is one of seven major crimes punishable in the new national security law – gives the chief executive the power to classify information as state secret and determine the duration and terms under which it remains classified.

The two new laws will take effect on Jan. 1 and June 1, 2024, respectively.  

These pieces of legislation follow an amendment to the national security law in May that human rights groups believe expands an already vaguely written law to go after critics accused of undermining China's national security.

Macao passed its national security law (NSL) in 2009, at least a decade ahead of Hong Kong, another special administrative region of China, where a Beijing-imposed national security law that was passed on June 30, 2020 has led to widespread arrests of activists and the diminishing fundamental freedoms of its citizens.

But Macao’s national security legislation became dangerously overbroad when lawmakers expanded the definition of secession to include non-violent acts and redefined the crime of “theft of official secrets” as a “violation of official secrets.” Under the section on acts that constitute secession, the new national security law replaced elements of “violence” or “other grave unlawful means” with “any unlawful means,” while the definition of “unlawful means” was removed.

Six months after Hong Kong’s own NSL came into effect, Macao announced on Dec. 16, 2021 that efforts were in place to heighten national security within its borders, including “improv(ing)” the election system. This announcement coincided with the release of Macao’s second Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development (2021-2025).

Michael Cunningham, visiting fellow at the Heritage Foundation’s Asian Studies Center, expressed cautious optimism, however, that the amendments to Macao’s national security law were more preventive in nature than “tools for crushing dissent, like those in Hong Kong,” he told VOA News in February 2022.
Macao has introduced two new laws that restrict leadership to Beijing-loyal "patriots” and expand the scope of “state secrets,” in a move seen as reminiscent of the repressive national security law now in place in Hong Kong. (Photo: Shutterstock / Mantas Volungevicius)
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Thailand
Business as usual on human rights
A recent decision by a Thai criminal court may have turned out to be yet another unmistakable sign that despite democratic hopes rekindled by the outcome of the last general election just six months ago in Thailand – that saw the progressive Move Forward Party win the popular vote – long-awaited reforms in the Southeast Asian country are far from taking shape. Not under the prevailing political dispensation.

Fundamental freedoms remain in the crosshairs of the Thai state.

On Dec. 13, opposition lawmaker Rukchanok Srinork, 29, was sentenced to six years in prison for violating the country's strict laws against insulting the monarchy – a move that rights groups say is meant to intimidate opposition party members and the pro-democracy movement led by young Thai citizens.

The lawmaker was convicted of committing lese majeste (royal defamation) and violating the 2007 Computer-Related Crimes Act based on two tweets posted on X (formerly Twitter) in 2020, in which she criticized a government decision to hand a contract for manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines to a company linked to King Maha Vajiralongkorn.

Human Rights Watch Asia Director Elaine Pearson said Rukchanok's prosecution is a "politically motivated" act where the criminal justice system was weaponized against her and should be considered by U.N. member countries when they vote on Thailand’s bid for a seat at the U.N. Human Rights Council for the 2025-2027 term.

Her case illustrates how the Thai government continues to wield the draconian laws to restrict free speech and prosecute critics of the government and monarchy.

An unprecedented pushback by a youth-led protest movement swept across Thailand from 2020 until 2021, as Thailand's young people and other citizens demanded constitutional reforms to the country’s monarchy despite the legal risks involved.

However, the scale and intensity of public protests have waned in the past two years due to the state crackdown on high-profile activists. According to Thai Lawyers for Human Rights, at least 1,925 Thais have been charged simply for exercising their right to freedom of expression since May 2020, when the first lawsuit against protesters and political activists was filed.

With the collapse of public support for Thailand’s long-standing conservative elite parties, and the exclusion of the winning progressive political party from a coalition seeking to form the new government, youth demonstrators are expected to ramp up efforts to register their dissent.

Shortly after the May elections, the Move Forward Party and its prime minister candidate Pita Limjaroenrat failed to muster enough support in the Senate, where 250 members were handpicked by, and are therefore loyal to, the junta.
Tens of thousands of pro-democracy protesters gather at the Democracy Monument in Bangkok on Aug. 16, 2020 to demand reforms to the monarchy. (Photo: Shutterstock / Youkonton)
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Pakistan
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Chasing after traffickers
Pakistan’s long fight against human trafficking has seen a new development with the introduction of a hotline for the reporting of human trafficking crimes, with one official saying that the mechanism would ensure prompt response to complaints.

On Dec. 14, the country's Federal Investigation Agency launched a national Trafficking In Persons (TIP) Hotline in partnership with the Australian High Commission through the International Labour Organization.

The hotline is designed to quickly forward complaints from callers to police stations across the country. Whether the mechanism would be enough to help Pakistan fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking remains to be seen.

According to the latest monitoring of the U.S. State Department on the trafficking situation in Pakistan, the Pakistani government’s criminalization of labor trafficking in 2018 and its increasing identification of trafficking victims remain inadequate at eliminating the problem.

The report noted that while the national anti-trafficking law imposes hefty penalties of up to ten years’ imprisonment and a fine of up to 1 million PKR (US$4,420) for traffickers, the absence of provincial-level laws that criminalize trafficking also disempowers law enforcement.

In 2022, Pakistan identified at least 35,309 trafficking victims, up from 21,253 in 2021. But there were also reports of victims being re-victimized soon after rescue, according to the U.S. State Department report, with some police allegedly colluding with employers to kidnap bonded laborers that authorities had already rescued.

But despite Pakistan’s efforts to prosecute traffickers, the U.S. State Department noted in its report that victims of trafficking often do not trust law enforcers and refuse to join investigations, as some blame the victims for their situations.

Described by the Asian Human Rights Commission as a “source, transit, and destination” for human trafficking, Pakistan saw the tragic consequence of leaving human traffickers unchecked when dozens of Pakistani nationals died from the sinking of a trawler off Greece in June.

At least 10 alleged human traffickers were arrested over the incident for their role in luring locals abroad in exchange for hefty pay.

Beyond Pakistan, the whole of South Asia has struggled to crack down on its decades-long human trafficking problem due to the historical dependence of some communities on bonded labor.

The worldwide multi-billion-dollar industry is a significant human and labor rights challenge in the region, with estimates by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime that over 150,000 people are trafficked annually in South Asia, with women and girls making up nearly half and a quarter of all victims, respectively.
A male worker is cutting a metal sheet in a factory in the coastal town of Gadani in Pakistan, where trafficking is becoming an urgent concern. (Photo: Shutterstock / Aqib Yasin)
Global/Regional
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Poetic justice for junta?
The European Union (EU) has imposed fresh sanctions on four more individuals in military-ruled Myanmar due to the "continuing grave situation” in the Southeast Asian country.

Included in EU’s eighth round of restrictive measures are a minister, two members of the country’s ruling military junta, and a commander who is believed to be behind the airstrikes targeting civilians in the Kayah state, where warplanes have launched offensives in a bid to root out allied resistance armies. The escalation of the bombing in the Kayah state has also led to injuries among children and the shutdown of schools.

EU’s restrictive measures also cover two companies that supply arms and other equipment used by Myanmar's armed forces: the Star Sapphire Group of Companies and Royal Shune Lei Company Limited.

These individuals and entities add to the growing list of Myanmar junta members whose assets have been frozen and who have been banned from traveling to the EU. These are on top of other existing EU restrictive measures such as an embargo on arms and equipment and export restrictions on equipment for monitoring communications.

Such measures are in stark contrast to Myanmar’s Southeast Asian neighbors, which have refused to impose similar sanctions on, and continue to trade with, Myanmar.

While members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) do not officially recognize the legitimacy of the junta, some countries in the region like Singapore continue to supply Myanmar’s military, thanks to the absence of a general trade embargo.

“Today, members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) remain among Myanmar’s top trading partners and arms suppliers — just behind China and Russia, fellow pariahs that have long made clear their endorsement of the junta and have strengthened ties with Myanmar since the coup,” said Time magazine.

No country in Asia has passed laws similar to the U.S.’s Global Magnitsky Act, a type of legislation that enables governments to impose punitive sanctions against human rights violators overseas. In June 2022, Japan's opposition lawmakers drafted a proposed law seeking to impose Magnitsky-style sanctions but it has not been passed into law.
A group of people join the protests in Mandalay, Myanmar, on Feb. 8, 2021, to call for the release of their ousted civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi, following a military coup. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sai Han One)
December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

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