Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

China
A sinister influence
Social media giant Meta, the parent company of Facebook, has removed “thousands” of fake accounts that are seen as covert Chinese operations seeking to influence the 2024 U.S. midterm elections, undermine Tibet’s struggle for independence, and accuse India of genocide.

In its third-quarter report released on Nov. 30, Meta said it took down over 4,800 fake Facebook accounts from three different networks – two or which were linked to China and one to Russia – that spread divisive content about U.S. politics and the Russian-Ukraine war; as well as false information about Tibet’s leader, the Dalai Lama.

The networks are believed to be part of foreign “influence operations,” or coordinated attempts to manipulate public opinion, behavior, or policy. Ben Nimmo, Meta's global threat intelligence lead, warned that these campaigns were becoming more common, with China having emerged as the third biggest source of such activity, after Russia and Iran.

Campaigns of this kind are part of China’s ever-expanding information warfare strategy to maintain its tight control over information and shape public opinion, said the Council on Foreign Relations. In August, when Australia was eyeing a measure against foreign interference, Human Rights Watch warned its senate that Chinese government-linked disinformation campaigns “have spread in scope, languages used, and platforms globally,” and are used to “defend the government’s positions on Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Covid-19, and other issues.”

Such operations have also targeted overseas Chinese communities in an apparent effort to promote loyalty to their homeland.

Just earlier this year, Meta took down a massive network called “Spamouflage,” which had 7,704 accounts, 954 pages, and 15 groups all pushing pro-China talking points across several platforms including Instagram, YouTube, and X (formerly Twitter). Before its takedown, it  was believed to be the “largest known cross-platform covert influence operation in the world.”

Meta believes that if Chinese relations “become an election issue in a particular country, it is likely that we’ll see China-based influence operations pivot to attempt to influence those debates.” This might be the case for Taiwan, whose president Tsai Ing-wen had warned against an increase in Chinese pro-unification propaganda as it holds its presidential elections next year.
Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Instagram and Whatsapp, has intensified its crackdown on influence operation networks seeking to push pro-China, pro-Russia propaganda ahead of the upcoming 2024 U.S. elections. (Photo: Shutterstock / Koshiro K)
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Cambodia
A chip off the old authoritarian block
Last July, Cambodia saw its first shift in power in almost four decades after its longtime ruler Hun Sen stepped down from the premiership to make way for his son, Hun Manet.

On Nov. 30, Hun Manet marked his first 100 days as prime minister – and while he has shown some economic ambition, fears persist that he has perpetuated his father’s strongman rule, including the latter’s penchant for silencing dissent.

Exiled opposition leader Sam Rainsy said the recent imprisonment of Facebook critic Kang Saran illustrates Hun Sen son’s nascent proclivity toward autocratic rule as does Hun Manet's insistence that the July elections, which saw the opposition banned, were "credible and just."

In contrast, U.N. special rapporteurs had called the elections that saw a landslide victory for the ruling Cambodian People’s Party “very unbalanced,” following a systematic crackdown on opposition groups and independent journalists.

Meanwhile, Cambodia continues to experience a decline in media freedom and free speech. A recent Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR) report pointed out that the government “continued its worrying trend of overpolicing free speech and silencing critical voices.”

Hun Manet does not mince words when it comes to his governance style, saying he preferred to be seen as an authoritarian ruler as opposed to being accused of running a government that is “incapable of maintaining peace for the people.”

Still, Hun Manet seems determined to carve his own path. For instance, he has unveiled a 22-page strategy focused on poverty reduction, employment, and good governance, aiming to transform Cambodia into an upper-middle-income country by 2030 and a high-income country by 2050.

But despite these economic overtures, Hun Sen's shadow looms large. Hun Sen remains president of the ruling party as well as the Senate, fueling concerns about Hun Manet’s autonomy as prime minister.

“It is useless to look for signs of positive change under a ‘new regime’ when a transfer of power has not in fact taken place,” Rainsy said. “That day will come, as there is no evidence that Hun Manet is capable of governing without his father as backseat driver. When it does, Cambodians will be desperate to take the first opportunity to achieve a transition to democratic rule.”
Cambodia’s new prime minister Hun Manet, seen here delivering a speech on Oct. 17, 2023, marks his first 100 days in office while raising fears among opposition figures that he is perpetuating his father Hun Sen’s brand of strongman politics. (Photo: Shutterstock / Sa sola)
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Bangladesh
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Deepening democratic crisis
The decision of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) to boycott the parliamentary elections scheduled for January 2024 has sparked uncertainty about the legitimacy and fairness of the upcoming polls despite international pressure.

On Nov. 29, Ruhul Kabir Rizvi, senior joint secretary general of the BNP, the country's main opposition party, told Al Jazeera there is “no chance of us participating in the election” until the prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, steps down to make way for a caretaker government to conduct the 2024 elections.

The next day, Nov. 30 — the deadline for filing candidatures — no opposition candidates appeared in the election offices to file their nomination papers for the 300 parliamentary seats up for grabs next year. The ruling Awami League (AL) and the smaller Jatiya Party, however, have submitted party nominations for 298 seats and 286 seats, respectively.

Experts fear that the BNP boycott has set the stage for a “one-sided” election that could cement Bangladesh’s slide into autocracy. Since 1973, when it had its first election as a newly independent country, national elections have been marred by charges of vote-rigging and opposition boycotts. Meanwhile, the caretaker government system – previously the country’s only guardrail against runaway electoral fraud – was declared unconstitutional in 2011, also under Hasina’s watch.

Countries including the European Union and the United States have been ramping up pressure on the Hasina government since last year, urging a free and fair election. In September, the U.S. said it would impose visa restrictions on those undermining Bangladesh's democratic process – a move that Bangladesh merely shrugged off.

“As a global power, they, of course, can exercise power over others but we are not bothered because we know how to hold an acceptable election,” said Dhaka foreign minister AK Abdul Momen.

But even if the BNP and other opposition groups were willing to participate in the upcoming polls, the prospect of a “violent autocratic crackdown” on opposition leaders, which Human Rights Watch has warned against, cannot be ruled out. Last Nov. 21, Dhaka courts sentenced 136 individuals affiliated with the BNP, including five of its top leaders, to varying jail terms in just one day for what critics decry as politically motivated charges.
Activists from the recently formed political party Gono Odhikar Parishad join the first day of the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)’s 48-hour nationwide strike on Nov. 19, 2023 to demand the cancellation of the scheduled January 7 parliamentary elections. (Photo: Shutterstock / Mamunur Rashid)
Global/Regional
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Seeing a promise through
As the world’s government leaders meet in Dubai for the 2023 U.N. climate conference, all eyes are on Asia’s governments, many of which play prominent roles in the fight against climate change.

On one side is China, the world’s top greenhouse gas producer while also being a major supplier of green technology. On the other are countries like Indonesia, Pakistan, Vietnam, Malaysia, and the Philippines, which are expected to lead the charge for climate justice, renewable energy transition, and climate financing.

Already they have secured early victories: on the first day of the conference, Nov. 30, the European Union, United Kingdom, and the United States announced they would contribute US$400 million to a long-awaited “loss and damage” fund that would help poor countries cope with the crisis.

The fund was first proposed in 1991 by the Alliance of Small Island States, which counts among its members Timor-Leste and Singapore, to resolve the need for a mechanism to address their losses from climate impacts even though they have contributed the least to the problem. It’s especially useful for countries like Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan, which have seen more powerful and frequent typhoons and droughts in the past years, pushing more people into poverty.

At least 70 million more people are living in extreme poverty in Asia as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other economic challenges.

The Philippines – often ranked as the world’s most disaster-prone country – even announced its bid to host the fund to assist its fellow developing countries in addressing climate change.

Indigenous and environmental groups in Asia welcomed the pledges with cautious optimism – saying such a fund would be for naught if it were not accompanied by decisive action, such as holding emitters accountable and fast-tracking the world’s shift to renewable energy.

Others are also concerned that it might go the way of a similar proposal during the COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009, when the Global North promised to commit US$100 billion every year but never delivered.

Muhammad Arman of the Indonesia-based Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the Archipelago said that without clearer mandates for climate mitigation and an end to extractive activities in ancestral lands, such a fund would be tantamount to “the right hand [doing] something good while the left hand continues to do bad things.”
The 28th Climate Change Conference which started last Nov. 30 in Dubai is expected to spotlight Asian governments as they lead the calls for climate financing and climate justice for nations vulnerable to climate change. (Photo: Shutterstock / ssi77)
December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

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