Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

November 6, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

Hong Kong
Expanding sanctions for rights violators
The massive pro-democracy protests that rocked Hong Kong two years ago continue to send ripples to this day as U.S. legislators filed a bipartisan measure calling for sanctions against 49 city officials allegedly involved in the political persecution of activists.

The Hong Kong Sanctions Act, filed before the U.S. Congress on Nov. 3, named among others Secretary for Justice Paul Lam, National Security Committee Director General Sonny Au, Police Commissioner Raymond Siu and judges Andrew Cheung, Andrew Chan, Johnny Chan, Alex Lee, Esther Toh and Amanda Woodcock, to be "held accountable for human rights violations."

Many of these officials are either in charge of implementing the draconian national security law (NSL) imposed on the city by China in 2020, or of the filing of charges, also under the NSL, against individuals deemed critical of Beijing.

Since the National Security Law was enacted, at least 280 activists, opposition lawmakers, and journalists have been slapped with NSL charges. These include former leaders of pro-democracy party Demosisto, namely,  Joshua Wong, Nathan Law, Anna Kwok, and Finn Lau; former media mogul Jimmy Lai; former lawmakers Dennis Kwok and Ted Hui, lawyer and legal scholar Kevin Yam, unionist Mung Siu-tat, and online commentator Yuan Gong-yi.

If the bill is passed, the U.S. president will have six months to decide if these officials should face sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act and the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019. Sanctions could range from asset freezing to travel bans.

In 2020, the U.S. also sanctioned former Chief Executive Carrie Lam; former Police Force Commissioners Chris Tang and Stephen Lo; Lam's successor John Lee, and seven others for "undermining Hong Kong’s autonomy and restricting the freedom of expression or assembly of the citizens of Hong Kong."

Apart from the U.S., parliamentarians from the United Kingdom, where three pro-democracy activists have sought exile, as well as the European Union have also sought sanctions against the officials of the special administrative region. The EU, in particular, asked for targeted sanctions against Lee and other top officials from China “responsible for the ongoing crackdown on human rights in Hong Kong.”
Hong Kongers defy a police ban to protest the newly enforced national security law in 2020, which was imposed by China on the former British colony to curb criticism and dissent. (Photo: Shutterstock / Jimmy Siu)
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Afghanistan
From one crisis to another
Fears of torture and arrest are hounding hundreds of thousands of Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan whose deportation order began to take effect on Nov. 1. But the refugees must first deal with a bigger, more immediate problem: lack of food, water, or shelter.

Aid groups monitoring the mass exodus of refugees following Islamabad's deportation order that took effect on Nov. 1 against undocumented Afghans say many refugees are now sleeping in the open with no food or water as they set up camp from two main border crossings before getting into Kabul.

The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), the Danish Refugee Council (DRC), and the International Rescue Committee (IRC) have expressed alarm over the steep rise in the number of people returning to Afghanistan – now estimated at 9,000 to 10,000 daily arrivals in contrast to the previous daily average of 300 Afghan refugees returning to their country before the mass expulsion began.

At least 1.7 million people are expected to be affected by Pakistan’s expulsion campaign, which the government blamed on Afghans’ alleged role in several suicide bombings in the country recently.

Many of them, the groups said, endured “arduous journeys'' that spanned days, having sold what little they had to make this journey. Having fled the Taliban-run Afghanistan and its cruel edicts especially against women and girls, many of them will be returning to worse or similar conditions given the humanitarian crisis gripping Afghanistan under the Taliban’s repressive rule.

Since the Taliban took power in 2021, sanctions against Afghanistan have triggered an economic collapse and forced 90 percent of its population into poverty. Making matters worse is the incoming winter, which could lead to a deepening crisis in a country still reeling from the deadly Oct. 7 earthquake that killed more than 3,000 people in Herat province.

U.N. experts had implored Pakistan to reconsider its anti-migrant crackdown amid a looming “human rights catastrophe” awaiting the returning refugees in Taliban-run Afghanistan.

While Pakistan insists the deportations are voluntary, U.N. experts said the government was rounding up the refugees amid offers of rewards to those who turn in refugees and the issuance of notices to landlords telling them to evict “illegal Afghans” by the end of November.
Afghan refugees fleeing the Taliban live in camps outside the capital city of Kabul in 2021, where they might soon be joined by fellow nationals who are currently being deported by Pakistan. (Photo: Shutterstock / Tress Inness)
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Philippines
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More bumps in the road
Once one of the biggest benefactors of China’s largesse, the Philippines now appears to have jumped off Beijing’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in favor of funding from friendlier nations like the United States, Japan, and South Korea.

This after Transport Secretary Jaime Bautista confirmed that China would no longer be funding three major railways worth US$4.9 billion after the latter seemed “disinterested” in moving forward with the projects.

Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. likewise did not attend the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing last month, where Chinese President Xi Jinping announced nearly US$100 billion in new funds for the initiative.

These mark a new low point in Philippine-China relations, which had seen cozier ties under Marcos Jr.’s predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte. However, Beijing’s increasing aggression in the South China Sea — where the Chinese Coast Guard has repeatedly harassed the Philippine Coast Guard and Filipino fisherfolk in the area — has led to a toughening stance by the Philippines in its maritime claims.

Even before this, China-funded BRI projects in the Philippines were already slow to get off the ground. Some of the biggest projects: the Mindanao Railway, Makati Subway, Davao City Coastal Road, and the Samal Island-Davao City Connector, have yet to be finished, while others continue to face resistance among the affected communities.

Manila is not alone. Last month, Italy — once enticed by the BRI’s promise to deliver much-needed investment — said it was set to formalize its exit from the initiative by the end of the year as it became increasingly apparent it would not meet the country’s hopes and expectations.

China is also accused of inducing “debt-trap diplomacy” through the BRI: that is, offering predatory lending to vulnerable countries so that it could later on seize control or leverage assets if the country defaults on its loan.

But more than these accusations, some analysts attribute the BRI’s flaws to poor risk management and lack of cohesion among China state-owned enterprises and banks. Many also fear that the BRI is perpetuating human rights abuses. For instance, China exports its controversial surveillance technology to BRI partners who use these technologies to monitor its people; while many of the massive infrastructure projects are railroaded without proper consultations with the affected communities.
Kalayaan Island, a municipality under the jurisdiction of the Philippine province of Palawan, is within the Spratly Islands claimed by China as part of its territory. (Photo: Shutterstock / Ivan Sarenas)
Global/Regional
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Unrelenting democratic backslide
Global democracy is again on the decline for the sixth year in a row–but signs are pointing to higher interest and enthusiasm in political participation especially among the youth, according to a new international report asking for urgent action to contain and reverse these losses.

Published on Nov. 2, the report by the Stockholm-based International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) noted that at least half of the 175 countries they surveyed saw a democratic backsliding in 2023 in at least one of four indicators: representation, rights, rule of law and civic participation. This is the sixth year in a row that net losses were more than net gains since IDEA began keeping records in 1975.

Much of this, IDEA said, can be attributed to weakened elections, legislatures and judiciaries; diminished free speech and lack of respect for basic human rights. “In short,” IDEA Secretary-General Kevin Casas-Zamora, “democracy is still in trouble, stagnant at best, and declining in many places.”

The report echoes similar studies pointing to a global pivot toward authoritarianism, with illiberal countries like China and Russia casting democracy as a “Western” value and promoting illiberalism as another pathway to prosperity and social welfare.

In Asia, at least, the broader pattern of democratic decline has “mostly come to a halt,” the report noted. But it is also slow to see a turnaround, with many Asian countries still below the global average in every category. The steepest declines were recorded in Myanmar and Afghanistan, both of which saw their governments seized by the junta and the Taliban respectively in 2021.

But there are snapshots of hope: for one, the defeat of the mighty United Malays National Organization (UMNO) party during the November 2022 election stood as an example to its Southeast Asian neighbors whose polls were marred by irregularities.

Thailand also saw the highest voter turnout in its history during its May 2023 parliamentary elections, handing a historic win to the progressive Move Forward Party.

The courts of Pakistan, Hong Kong, South Korea, India and the Philippines have also delivered landmark rulings that have either expanded the rights of women and LGBTQIA+ people or helped protect free speech.

These developments, the report said, show that the “gears of democracy” continue to turn around the world. But to keep its gains, both formal (e.g., the judiciary, anti-corruption agencies) and informal institutions (e.g., civil society, the media) must collaborate and “create openings for change in nondemocracies.”
Students in Thailand light up their mobile phones as they join the pro-democracy demonstrations that gripped the capital Bangkok in 2020 to call for reforms in the Thai monarchy. (Photo: Shutterstock / kan Sangtong)
November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

November 28, 2022
November 28, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Apple’s albatross; an unfolding catastrophe for Afghan children; the new UN treaty to end the age of pernicious plastics; and the good news for Singapore’s gig workers.

November 21, 2022
November 21, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the youth from the Global South who made the most of their seat at the table at COP27; the Thai police who show zero tolerance for peaceful protests; the attacks on press freedom in South Korea; and the too-few Nepali women in the political arena.

November 14, 2022
November 14, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the Philippines’ human rights in the spotlight; the modern slaves behind football’s biggest party; the harmful practice endured by women and girls in Asia; and the new mandatory disclosures that can close the gender pay gap in Japan.

November 7, 2022
November 7, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the shocking impunity of murderers of media workers; Pyongyang’s record-breaking missile barrage; a call to starve Myanmar’s military junta of fuel for its deadly air attacks; and the landmark ruling that banned a traumatic test in India.

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