Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

Read more below.

Global/Regional
Forced to work
Given the dire economy across the region, many workers in Southeast Asia find themselves left with no choice but to move abroad for better, more gainful opportunities with which to support their families.

A new report from the International Labour Organization highlights the perils and abuses that these workers face. Focusing on Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, the report reveals that many domestic workers are stuck in informal employment set-ups and fall outside labor laws and legal protections.

Worse, nearly 30 percent of migrant workers in Malaysia are forced into their employment under some sort of threat, as were 7 percent and 4 percent of workers in Singapore and Thailand, respectively. Many of these workers are unable to leave their current situations, or are forced to work beyond what is legal or healthy without compensation, for fear of being deported, fired or physically hurt.

Despite these unfair, often harsh working conditions, Southeast Asia’s migrant domestic workers are good at what they do and are performing at a “demonstrably skilled level equivalent to that of workers in other sectors,” where they would be given legal and social safeguards, as dictated by law.

“Continuing denial of such protections to domestic workers leads to heightened – and avoidable – levels of exploitative and forced labor conditions in the sector,” the ILO report warns.

Southeast Asia has long been plagued by labor rights abuses, many of which were surfaced by the coronavirus pandemic. Singapore, for example, kept its migrant workers in cramped dormitories that, during the height of the public health crisis, became the country’s COVID-19 hotspot. Many migrant workers have also endured unlawful pay cuts during the pandemic.

Migrant workers in Malaysia have been facing a similarly difficult situation. In 2016, the Malaysian government removed health subsidies for migrant workers, which made it difficult for the latter to seek health care during the pandemic. Many undocumented and informal workers in Malaysia also lost their jobs during the pandemic – and were ignored for the most part when the government released a stimulus package, according to global non-profit CIVICUS.

The ILO report also offers recommendations to help these countries improve the labor conditions for their migrant workers. These include upholding and strictly adhering to international guidelines on skilled migration and labor, as well as monitoring and eliminating forced labor.
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South Asia
Tighter grip on press freedom
In December 2022, Sri Lanka’s Cabinet of Ministers approved the motion to amend the country’s Presidential Elections Act, Parliamentary elections Act, Provincial Council Elections Act, and Local Government Elections Ordinance to include media guideline provisions.

Last week, however, Minister Bandula Gunawardana announced that instead of mere amendments, Sri Lanka plans on passing a new law that will impose legal consequences for news organizations that violate these media guidelines.

This new law is in line with the country’s preparations for its presidential elections next year, and also includes provisions for providing special voting centers and imposing a code of conduct on candidates during polling season.

Further escalating the tension between the government and the media, Sri Lanka’s Additional Secretary of the Presidential Secretariat Dr. Sulakshana Jayawardena last week also spoke strongly against news reports claiming that there was widespread food insecurity in the country.

“It is regrettable that the summarized accounts in various media reports did not align with the comprehensive findings of the CFSAM [Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission] report, which can be easily cross-referenced with the report available on the relevant websites,” he said. The CFSAM report was issued by the U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization and World Food Programme and indicated improvements in food security across all provinces.

Sri Lanka has long been unkind to journalism, particularly reportage that criticizes those in power. In this year’s cycle of the Press Freedom Index from the international non-profit Reporters Without Borders, the South Asian island nation ranked 135th out of 180 countries. While this represents a marked improvement from 2022 (during which Sri Lanka ranked 140th), several systemic problems still remain.

For instance, Sri Lanka does not have laws that ensure protections for journalists. Moreover, the country has a central Press Council designed to regulate the media industry, which is a strong barrier to true press freedom given that the president appoints most of the Council’s members. Sri Lanka also has a broad anti-terrorism law that those in power typically wield against journalists.
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Southeast Asia
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Going against the throne
After nearly three years of trials, Thailand has ruled against 12 activists and protesters, sentencing them to two months in prison and slapping each of them with a fine of 2,000 baht (around USD 57.50).

The activists were found guilty of sedition, among other crimes, for their participation in the July 2020 Free Youth movement. The court ruled that the defendants violated Thailand’s Emergency Decree, which at the time was imposed to curb the spread of the coronavirus. The protesters were also found guilty of using a speaker without permission, blocking a public road, and violating the Public Cleanliness Act.

Notably, the sedition charges were brought because some of the activists were caught singing and giving speeches about the monarchy, while others were carrying banners calling for the abolition of the monarchy.

Criticizing Thailand’s royalty has been a long-standing key issue in the Southeast Asian country. The 2020 protests, which led to the arrest of the 12 activists, erupted in large part due to the bubbling discontent with how much influence the monarchy held.

Led primarily by students and other youth, the movement demanded sweeping democratic reforms including, among others, sharp scalebacks in the power and wealth afforded the monarchy. The protesters also pressed the government to dissolve the parliament, change the current military-backed constitution, and respect the right to free speech – even for dissenters and critics.

Though the street demonstrations ended, the discontent persisted and culminated in a stunning opposition victory during Thailand’s most recent general elections. Campaigning on a progressive platform formed around the promise of curbing the monarchy, the youth-led Move Forward Party and the populist Pheu Thai party swept the polls, leaving the royalist and military-backed factions with just a few seats to spare in parliament.

The most recent ruling against the activists, however, highlights the challenges that this new government must contend with. In the face of outdated, monarchy-centric laws, will Thailand’s new progressive House be able to deliver on its promises?
Northeast Asia
Accountability for a eugenicist past
With its clean, efficient, and well-planned megacities, along with a healthy economy and world-class industries, Japan elicits a picture of progress. But behind the urban sheen is a history full of dark and troubling periods – one of which the country is trying to atone for now.

In a draft report submitted last week to the Diet, Japan’s legislative chamber, investigators laid bare the background of the 1948 Eugenic Protection Law, as well as the extent of its impact. While the full report will not be released ahead of a final copy, an early, seven-page summary was given to the media.

The investigation is the first sweeping survey of the eugenics law and details how the national policy also roped in private-sector partners to carry out its designs. In total, the report counts nearly 25,000 individuals who were forcibly put through sterilization operations throughout the law’s life, which ended in 1996. Most of the victims were women, who accounted for 75 percent, while some were as young as 9 years of age.

More troublingly, many of these sterilization procedures were forced. The report found that in 1949, the government allowed people, especially those with medical conditions or physical disabilities, to be physically restrained or deceived. Some centers would even present the sterilization procedures as other types of surgeries. Some municipalities subsidized these operations.

Following the example of Nazi Germany, Japan passed its National Eugenic Law in 1940.

While the initial law already allowed for compulsory sterilizations, these operations were generally restricted to those with inherited mental conditions. The 1940 policy also promoted genetic screening while also clamping down on birth control.

In 1948, Japan enacted the new Eugenic Protection Law, which had a broader scope and provided for voluntary and involuntary sterilizations for debilitating genetic diseases and intellectual disabilities, regardless if these were inherited or not. This latter policy was open to abuse by local authorities and promoted discrimination in Japanese society. Forced operations peaked at around 1,000 procedures a year in the mid-1950s.

In recent years, Japan has started making amends for this dark past. In 2019, late Prime Minister Shinzo Abe apologized to victims of the sterilization operations. The country also passed a new law that entitled survivors to JPY 3.2 million (approximately US$28,600) in compensation.

These payments have gradually been given out over the years, the first of which was awarded to three survivors in February 2022. A district court followed this up with an order to compensate two victims in January 2023.
June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

May 29, 2023
May 29, 2023

In this edition, we look at a contentious land use bill in the Philippines, a new mobile device management policy in Nepal, the growing support for gender equality in Taiwan, and what Thailand’s new progressive government might mean for Myanmar.

May 22, 2023
May 22, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the human rights agenda at the G7 Summit in Hiroshima, the commemoration of the Gwangju uprising’s 43rd anniversary, skyrocketing drug prices in South Asia, and the sex abuse case that shook Singapore to its core.

May 15, 2023
May 15, 2023

In this edition, we look at two oppressive detention policies in Northeast Asia: China’s unyielding arrest of foreign journalists and Japan’s harsh policies for immigrants. We also look at Thailand’s lese-majeste law in the context of its elections and Pakistan’s widespread internet shutdown.

May 8, 2023
May 8, 2023

In this edition, we look at the dire state of press freedom in Southeast Asia, a bubbling conflict between healthcare workers in South Korea, the dengue problem swarming South Asia, and Indonesia’s measures against the impending COVID-19 surge.

May 1, 2023
May 1, 2023

In this edition, we look at Singapore’s overly harsh approach to cannabis as the death penalty for drug-related offenses remains firmly in place, the political convenience of gender equality in India, the continued shrinking of civic space in Hong Kong, and the U.S.’s increased military presence in Asia, keeping tight tabs on its authoritarian adversary.

April 24, 2023
April 24, 2023

In this edition, we will look at the Philippines’ education crisis, Pakistan’s political turmoil, the United Nations’ impending withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the continued and fraught push for marriage equality in Japan.

April 17, 2023
April 17, 2023

In this edition, we look at the environmental crises sweeping through Southeast Asia, another Covid-19 outbreak threatening South Asia, a bird flu death in China, and the bloody consequences of an apathetic international community, alongside powerful benefactors, abetting amid the unyielding violence and tyranny of Myanmar’s junta.

March 20, 2023
March 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the sad truth about health staffing shortages; the impossible choice faced by the Rohingya in Bangladesh; Vietnam’s repressive Article 331; and the challenges of exposing Uyghur forced labor in supply chains.

March 13, 2023
March 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the few bright spots for democracy in Asia; the Northeast Asian country where feminism is a dirty word; the country known as the internet shutdown capital of the world; and a symbolic victory for World War II sex slaves in the Philippines.

February 27, 2023
February 27, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Asia’s deadliest place for a woman to be a mother; Japan’s antiquated age of consent law; a hidden danger in Northeast Asia; and a sweet victory for people-oriented mobility in the Philippines.

February 20, 2023
February 20, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an uphill battle against a stigmatizing disease in Bangladesh; the threat multiplier of rising sea levels; a heavy-handed attempt to silence an independent media outlet in Cambodia; and a landmark victory for trans men in Hong Kong.

February 13, 2023
February 13, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: forced assimilation in the guise of education in Tibet; the women-only buses in Karachi, Pakistan; the need to make the internet safer for children; and the Malaysian manufacturers reaping the rewards of responsible business.

February 6, 2023
February 6, 2023

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Hong Kong’s long-simmering housing crisis; corruption’s vicious cycle; the ban barring Afghanistan women from giving lifesaving support to people in dire need of aid; and a tiny Indonesian island’s battle against a huge carbon-emitting cement maker.

December 12, 2022
December 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a railway that has brought few benefits to poor Laotians; why Pakistan’s coal mines are some of the most dangerous in the world; Hong Kong’s refugees in limbo; and the forced labor that taints the global auto supply chain.

December 5, 2022
December 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the persons with disabilities worldwide who are being left behind; the disinformation hampering polio vaccination in Indonesia and Pakistan; an opportunity for Sri Lanka’s women caught in twin crises; and the torture being inflicted on transgenders in Singapore and Japan.

November 28, 2022
November 28, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Apple’s albatross; an unfolding catastrophe for Afghan children; the new UN treaty to end the age of pernicious plastics; and the good news for Singapore’s gig workers.

November 21, 2022
November 21, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the youth from the Global South who made the most of their seat at the table at COP27; the Thai police who show zero tolerance for peaceful protests; the attacks on press freedom in South Korea; and the too-few Nepali women in the political arena.

November 14, 2022
November 14, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the Philippines’ human rights in the spotlight; the modern slaves behind football’s biggest party; the harmful practice endured by women and girls in Asia; and the new mandatory disclosures that can close the gender pay gap in Japan.

November 7, 2022
November 7, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the shocking impunity of murderers of media workers; Pyongyang’s record-breaking missile barrage; a call to starve Myanmar’s military junta of fuel for its deadly air attacks; and the landmark ruling that banned a traumatic test in India.

October 31, 2022
October 31, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the return of a global killer; the appalling forced deportations in Malaysia and Thailand; China’s worldwide network of illegal police stations; and the future of farming in Bangladesh.

October 17, 2022
October 17, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a baby step forward for LGBTQ rights in Japan; a neglected epidemic in Cambodia; the countries in Asia that cling to the death penalty; and hope for mental health sufferers in India.

October 10, 2022
October 10, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the false narrative that endangers transgenders in Pakistan; why Indonesia is one of the most dangerous countries in which to attend a football game; education under attack in Asia; and the foiled debate on China’s widespread human rights abuses in Xinjiang.

October 3, 2022
October 3, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the construction workers in Hong Kong who are dying on the job; the South Asian country where many ferry passengers risk drowning and death; the human rights defenders who risk reprisals; and a sweet victory for an under-supported changemaker in the Philippines.

September 26, 2022
September 26, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: sobering statistics about women’s lives on the brink; the country where women are stalked and killed; a blocked citizenship law in Nepal; and the faint silver lining in Myanmar’s humanitarian crisis.

September 19, 2022
September 19, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the global rise in forced marriages; the risks brought about by digital identity systems such as India’s Aadhar; the Southeast Asian country that doesn’t deserve a seat in the UN Human Rights Council; and a ray of hope for foreigners detained in Japan’s immigration centers.

September 12, 2022
September 12, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the alarming spike in house arrests under Chinese President Xi Jinping’s rule; the community at risk of genocide in Afghanistan; the millions deprived of the right to read; and Cambodia’s learning gardens.

September 5, 2022
September 5, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: how extreme heat has led to occupational safety lapses worldwide; how North Korea used the coronavirus to increasingly repress the rights of its people; the weaponization of Sri Lanka’s Prevention of Terrorism Act against peaceful protesters; and Thailand’s innovative approach to curb teenage pregnancy.

August 29, 2022
August 29, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the real roadblocks to fair COVID-19 vaccine distribution; the first step to ending torture in Pakistan; a bittersweet victory for Singapore’s LGBT activists; and the campaign to combat China’s disinformation in Taiwan.

August 22, 2022
August 22, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: China’s chilling psywar tactic; the lowest-paid workers in Bangladesh; Cambodia’s ground zero for human trafficking; and why FIFA and Qatar owe abused migrant workers US$440 million in reparations.

August 15, 2022
August 15, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: Indonesia’s repressive hijab rules; the plight of Seoul’s basement dwellers; the Afghan evacuees trapped by red tape; and the crucial role of Indigenous women as keepers of knowledge.

August 8, 2022
August 8, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a setback in Malaysian mothers’ campaign against an unequal citizenship law; Japan’s flawed program that has become a breeding ground for abuse; the heavy toll of water scarcity in Bangladesh; and the women who eat last and least.

August 1, 2022
August 1, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a discriminatory lockdown in Taiwan; the endless wait for justice for victims of wartime atrocities in Nepal; a new law that is a betrayal of public health in the Philippines; and alarming news about the other deadly virus.

July 25, 2022
July 25, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a “zero click” Trojan horse attacking the phones of Thai activists; the heavy-handed tactics of Sri Lanka’s new government; the bleak picture for freedom of expression in Asia; and the fresh hell inflicted by Pyongyang on harried North Koreans.

July 18, 2022
July 18, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: an app update that may increase state control in Hong Kong; the serious risk to Myanmar’s democracy activists; the depressing news in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report for 2022; and Afghanistan’s secret schools for girls.

July 11, 2022
July 11, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a landmark ruling against modern slavery; a massive data breach that exposed the personal data of 1 billion Chinese; a faint glimmer of hope for Pakistan’s victims of enforced disappearances; and a contentious Indonesian draft law that would promote — not prevent — rights violations.

July 4, 2022
July 4, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: India’s travel bans on journalists; South Korea’s bad bosses; Asia’s worst countries for workers in 2022; and a promising uptick in financial inclusion worldwide.

June 27, 2022
June 27, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a historic wage hike for garment workers in Pakistan’s Sindh province; the U.S. law which bans the import of goods made with forced labor from China’s Xinjiang region; the Asian countries that keep their citizens in the dark; and Vietnam’s environmental activists under attack.

June 20, 2022
June 20, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the twin victory of South Korean truckers; the spotty observance of the right of due process in the Philippines; the growing problem of elder abuse; and the burning issue of global warming — and the tools to cool down cities.

June 13, 2022
June 13, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: how Mongolia brought digital rights to many citizens’ fingertips; a hidden lockdown for migrant workers in Singapore; the cross-cutting issue of food safety; and Bangladesh’s arbitrary cancellation of the license of a key human rights NGO.

June 6, 2022
June 6, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a landmark settlement for sacked Thai garment workers; an ongoing battle for marriage equality in Taiwan; how attacks on schools worldwide jeopardize the future of children; period poverty and pain.

May 30, 2022
May 30, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the palm oil that is tainted by corporate greed; a law that restricts rape victims in Nepal in their quest for justice; Japan’s controversial training of the Tamadaw; and the shroud of secrecy veiling Asia’s executing countries.

May 23, 2022
May 23, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: a shadow pandemic in Thailand; the Taliban’s dissolution of a key human rights body in Afghanistan; the doubtful outcome of the UN rights chief’s Xinjiang visit; and an invasive technology that may turn a lifeline app into a surveillance tool.

May 16, 2022
May 16, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the decades-long struggle for disability rights in South Korea; a minimum wage law that excludes domestic helpers in Malaysia; India’s antiquated and arbitrary sedition law; and the glaring gaps in alcohol marketing regulations that put young people and heavy drinkers at risk.

May 9, 2022
May 9, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the gloomy picture of press freedom in Asia; a heartbreaking polio outbreak in Pakistan; the turning of the tide for a prisoner of conscience in the Philippines; and North Korea’s fashion police.

May 2, 2022
May 2, 2022

In this edition, we highlight news about the following: the latest setback for a fallen democracy icon in Myanmar; hard-won progress for worker safety in Bangladesh; another nail in the coffin of press freedom in Hong Kong; and the human and environmental costs of sand mining.

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