Democracy Digest
Democracy Digest
A bite-sized weekly wrap-up of developments
across the region through a human rights and democratic lens
Democracy Digest

May 6, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the staggering extent of incarceration of Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang region, the Myanmar junta’s latest desperate attempt to expand its force, school closures in Bangladesh amid extreme heat, and the state-led crackdown on media freedoms in Asia.

China
Persecuted and locked
An estimated one in every 26 Uyghurs and other non-Han people are jailed in China's Xinjiang region, according to a new report by the Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP).

While Uyghurs along with other non-Han people make up only 1 percent of China’s total population, they collectively account for 33.7 percent of the country’s national prison population – or a staggering 3,814 per 100,000 people. This is 47 times China's national rate for Han Chinese (80 per 100,000) and 3.5 times that of El Salvador (with 1,086 per 100,000 people),  the highest known national rate of imprisonment across the world.

The newly released human rights report (April 25) provides an estimate of the number of jailed Uyghurs, based on six years worth of official data until 2022. Such data show the ethnic minority’s systemic repression, or what has also come to be described as cultural and demographic genocide and one of the worst humanitarian crises of the century.

By 2023, the Xinjiang High People’s Procuratorate ceased publishing, possibly due to the prior use and analysis of the data by Human Rights Watch.

At the height of China's "strike hard" campaign against Uyghurs in 2017, 87 percent of those convicted were sentenced to an average of nine years in prison. At least one in 25 Uyghurs in a single county in Xinjiang were slapped with charges including terrorism, separatism or religious extremism, based on the Associated Press' study of leaked official documents in 2022.

The UHRP also cautioned against interpreting the numbers as proof of increasing criminality among Uyghurs. This squares with rights groups’ concerns that many of the detained Uyghurs were sometimes detained without charges brought against them, or had not gone to trial at all.

For example, the U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Disappearances in 2023 flagged the case of Ametjan Abdurashid, who was supposedly made to “choose from a list of offenses that are shown to persons belonging to the Uyghur minority and to plead guilty.”

The U.N. group added there were “good reasons to suppose that the imprisonment rate” – pegged at 578,000 in 2022 – “may be considerably higher than UHRP’s estimate” as the figures do not capture the real number of Uyghurs kept in concentration camps and other forms of arbitrary detention.
Photo: An Uyghur resident walks on the streets of Urumqi in China’s Xinjiang province, a region notorious for mass labor camps holding at least a million Uyghurs. (Photo: Shutterstock / Yung Tao Chang)
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Myanmar
Thwarting a people’s escape
Myanmar's junta-led government has banned all conscription-age men from leaving the country for work in a bid to boost its dwindling military numbers, after it has lost 21,000 personnel since the 2021 coup to battlefield losses, desertions, and defections.

This comes weeks after the military government announced a nationwide draft to enforce a years-old conscription law, prompting over 100,000 young men and women to flee abroad to avoid compulsory military service.

The work ban on men, which took effect on May 1, is temporary and will remain in effect “as needed,” Ministry of Labor Permanent Secretary Nyunt Win told Radio Free Asia Burmese.

“Starting from May 1 … we will only be allowed to send [registered] women as migrant workers,” Nyunt Win said in an interview.

The government has suspended all applications for overseas work permits from men.

More than three years of military rule and conflict since the coup in 2021 has plunged the country into an economic crisis, where almost half of the Myanmar population now lives below the poverty line, a figure that has doubled since 2017, according to the United Nations Development Program.

Struggling to find work under a “permanently scarred” economy, Myanmar residents, especially the youth, were leaving in droves even before the junta imposed its compulsory military service. More than 4 million Myanmar nationals are believed to be working abroad, according to the International Labour Organization’s estimates based on 2020 data under the then-democratic government, with the true number likely much higher after the junta’s takeover in February 2021.

One 32-year-old man interviewed by the BBC said "everyone has lost their hope for the future." A 28-year-old said that the moratorium has deprived the country's youth of job prospects.

The junta’s work ban also comes after it announced new tax and remittance rules for migrant workers in late 2023. This move was widely opposed by the latter.

Among others, Myanmar workers who migrated with the assistance of employment agencies were asked to fork over at least 25% of their salaries every month. In a different order, Myanmar nationals in key Asian countries were slapped with at least a 2% income tax through the amendment of the Union Tax Law 2023.
Photo: Men have been barred from leaving Myanmar whose flag is on the armband of this soldier, for overseas work after thousands attempted to escape the war-torn nation to avoid being drafted into mandatory military service. (Photo: Shutterstock / Bumble Dee)
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Bangladesh
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Climate-driven school closures bare inequalities
Some 33 million children in Bangladesh were temporarily shut out of schools again last week after the worst heatwave in seven decades forced country-wide closures, with temperatures soaring 4 to 5 degrees Celsius above the long-term average.

Record-breaking temperatures not only forced a week-long cancellation of classes twice in the South Asian nation, but also caused power outage issues due to a limited supply of electricity that can meet soaring demand, bringing little relief to students sweltering at home. The first school closures were ordered by the education ministry while the second were ordered by the Bangladeshi High Court.

Primary and secondary schools reopened on May 5 but students stand to miss school again if another excessive heat wave sweeps the country.

The rest of Asia has also been baking in extremely hot temperatures with heat indexes across South and Southeast Asia spiking above 40 Celsius. Authorities in the Philippines last month canceled in-person classes over soaring temperatures and now have plans to shorten next year’s school calendar in an attempt to shield students from the heat.

The havoc wrought by climate change on children’s education is a well-documented phenomenon as extreme weather not only disrupts learning but also derails children’s development and well-being.

As the climate warms and causes heat waves to last longer and reach higher peaks, millions of children in Asia who face a disproportionately higher risk of encountering extreme weather events in their lifetime may lose their access to education – a basic human right.

A UNESCO report in 2023 said that climate change and climate displacement can worsen existing educational inequalities and barriers to education, impacting mostly the financially disadvantaged, girls and women, rural communities with pre-existing health risks, and persons with disabilities.

Extreme heat has also highlighted the shortage of classrooms and the absence of climate-resilient school infrastructure in Bangladesh due to inadequate government funding. Shumon Sengupta, Bangladesh country director for the nonprofit Save the Children, said many of the country's schools "don't have fans, the ventilation is not good, and they might have tin roofing, which does not provide good insulation.”

Families hit by climate-induced disasters also face increased poverty where parents are no longer able to shoulder their children’s school fees. During the pandemic, students in poorer countries deprived of face-to-face learning had a higher risk of dropping out, and a survey from Bangladesh shows students’ motivation plummeted while at home.
Photo: School-aged girls walk to school in a village in Bangladesh, where thousands of students have been forced to miss classes due to extreme temperatures. (Photo: Shutterstock / Tareq Uddin Ahmed)
Global/Regional
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Targeted through political pressure
Press freedom continues to deteriorate in the Asia-Pacific region, according to a new report by Reporters Without Borders, with 26 out of 32 countries and territories sliding in its annual index on press freedom.

The 2024 World Press Freedom Index finds that the region's dictatorial governments, including last year's bottom-placers North Korea and China, "have been tightening their hold over news and information with increasing vigor."

Described as a region where "journalism is suffocating under the weight of authoritarian governments," countries in the Asia-Pacific have the second-worst press freedom situation in the world following only the Maghreb-Middle East region, the media watchdog said. Five countries in Asia – Myanmar, China, North Korea, Afghanistan, and Vietnam – remain among the world’s 10 most dangerous countries for journalists.

The press freedom index highlights totalitarian Asian governments' systematic incarceration of media personnel, frequent persecution of journalists based on what they report, and the restriction of people's access to information.

RSF said that China continues to be the world's worst jailer of journalists and maintains strict control over information channels, using censorship and surveillance to regulate online content and limit the spread of information sensitive or contrary to the Chinese Communist Party.

Vietnam and Myanmar, meanwhile, have “pursued a policy of mass imprisonment of media personnel” and are the world’s fourth and second biggest jailers of journalists, respectively.

For countries in South Asia – where democracy has been in decline – the RSF noted a spike in election-related violence against journalists “with an almost total impunity.” In Bangladesh, Pakistan and India – countries scheduled to hold their elections in the first half of 2024 – journalists were murdered, harassed, and/or became victims of enforced disappearances.

The region’s governments’ increasing hostility toward the media and other press freedom challenges have been documented in two earlier reports focusing on Southeast Asia and South Asia.

A joint monitoring platform launched by Southeast Asian media organizations, pfmsea.org, found that nearly half of all documented attacks against journalists in 2023 were perpetrated by state actors. Meanwhile, the International Federation of Journalists’ 2023-2024 press freedom report for South Asia found that democratic progress in the region has largely stalled, and jailings, legal harassment, and assaults against media workers remain rampant.
Photo: Most countries in Asia recently dropped in the 2024 World Press Freedom Index as journalists continue to face challenges in the pursuit of their work. (Photo: Shutterstock / Vietnam Stock Images)
May 6, 2024
May 6, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the staggering extent of incarceration of Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang region, the Myanmar junta’s latest desperate attempt to expand its force, school closures in Bangladesh amid extreme heat, and the state-led crackdown on media freedoms in Asia.

April 29, 2024
April 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s objection to a report documenting its rights violations, the arrest of a political activist in Malaysia over a Facebook post, Pakistan’s lackluster response to rights violations, and a new report on the persecution of parliamentarians in Southeast Asia.

April 22, 2024
April 22, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a new report on China’s “digital authoritarian playbook” exported to Indo-Pacific countries; Singapore’s first leadership change in 20 years; updates about Bhutan’s ethnic Nepali prisoners of conscience; and a call for ASEAN leaders to lead the charge against “waste colonialism.”

April 15, 2024
April 15, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the disappearing native languages of Taiwan; Singapore’s crackdown on arms exports to Myanmar; a renewed campaign for transitional justice in Nepal; and the challenges of dealing with worsening heat waves in Asia, especially for children.

April 8, 2024
April 8, 2024

This week, we take a look at the first-ever apology of an academic society to Japan’s indigenous Ainu people; the continuing impunity in Laos’ cases of enforced disappearances; the harrowing ordeal of Nepalese migrant workers who are coming back home with chronic kidney disease; and the need to increase health care spending beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

April 1, 2024
April 1, 2024

This week, we look at China’s relentless campaign to Sinicize Tibet; Vietnam’s crackdown on free speech and its continued defense of the use of the death penalty; the establishment of a transgender-friendly mosque in Muslim-majority Bangladesh; and the Belt and Road Initiative’s shortfall in Southeast Asia.

March 25, 2024
March 25, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Hong Kong’s passage of its homegrown national security law, Malaysia’s withdrawal of a controversial citizenship amendment affecting children, Afghan girls barred from secondary education for the third consecutive year, and dangerous air pollution levels in South Asia.

March 18, 2024
March 18, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at a groundbreaking win for same-sex couples in Japan, moves to dissolve the opposition in Thailand, the looming threat of authoritarian rule in Sri Lanka and a Cambodian opposition leader’s attempts for compromise.

March 11, 2024
March 11, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the impact of border restrictions in North Korea, the next Indonesian president’s problems with democracy, a drastic mistrial in Pakistan, and Thailand’s unexpected defiance of the Myanmar junta.

March 4, 2024
March 4, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the plummeting birth rates in South Korea, Vietnam’s clampdown on workers’ rights, Nepal police’s use of force against street vendors and the pushback against China’s attempts to spread authoritarianism in the region.

February 26, 2024
February 26, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese LGBTQ’s acts of defiance, the dangers of Malaysia’s new media ethics code, employment struggles among Muslim minorities in India, and the possible use of AI tools by hacker groups to disrupt elections in 2024.

February 19, 2024
February 19, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the arrest of a Tibetan monk over a photo of the Dalai Lama, Myanmar’s mandatory military service for young people, Afghanistan’s collapsing health care system, and the retraction of papers by Chinese researchers over human rights concerns.

February 12, 2024
February 12, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the illegal use of restraint on women inmates in Japan, Singapore's new law allowing “dangerous” offenders to be kept in prison indefinitely, violence and allegations of vote-rigging in Pakistan, and unrest among exploited North Korean workers in China.

February 5, 2024
February 5, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Macao’s urgent need to step up its mental health support services amid the rise in suicides, a major setback in the royal insult law reform campaign in Thailand, the public identification of alleged rights violators among civil servants in Nepal, and police abuses against Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.

January 29, 2024
January 29, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the overturned acquittal of a pro-democracy activist in Hong Kong, Vietnam’s denial of its human rights abuses, Sri Lanka’s new bill regulating online speech and greater international scrutiny of China’s actions in Tibet.

January 22, 2024
January 22, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the imprisonment of Uyghur journalists in China, the conviction of land rights activists in Cambodia, India’s continued crackdown on non-profit organizations, and an alarming number of children forced into institutionalized care in Central Asia and beyond.

January 15, 2024
January 15, 2024

In this week’s edition we look at the historic win of a pro-independence leader in Taiwan, the use of deepfake technology to bolster Indonesian politicians’ electoral campaigns, the outcome of Bhutan’s fourth-ever free elections, and the transactional diplomacy emboldening rights abuses of governments in Asia.

January 8, 2024
January 8, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of the stabbing of a leading opposition leader in South Korea, another political prisoner dying under the rule of the Myanmar junta, Afghanistan’s worst crackdown on women since returning to power, and the upcoming elections in South Asia.

January 1, 2024
January 1, 2024

In this week’s edition, we look at Tibetans forced to commemorate the birth anniversary of People’s Republic of China founder Mao Zedong, Singapore’s review of a contentious HIV disclosure law, a fatal mass demonstration in Nepal, and new victims of the globally notorious Pegasus spyware.

December 18, 2023
December 18, 2023

This week, we look at Macao’s new national security laws, the continued crackdown on dissent in Thailand despite the stunning turnout of the general election in May that inspired hope for political reforms; a new initiative by the Pakistan government to crack down on human traffickers; and the European Union’s imposition of fresh sanctions on members of Myanmar’s junta, including one commander believed to be responsible for deadly airstrikes.

December 25, 2023
December 25, 2023

This week, we look at a major political crisis testing democracy in Japan; Malaysia making a stand against Israel; the breakdown of parliamentary democracy in India; and China’s familiar rebuke against an international body for condemning its actions in Tibet.

December 11, 2023
December 11, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the ramifications of Hong Kong pro-democracy activist Agnes Chow’s decision to escape to Canada; a Filipino advocate being feted for her lifelong work for children; a commemoration of Afghan women activists on International Human Rights Day; and a new report criticizing the failures of the global war on drugs.

December 4, 2023
December 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s expanding influence operations ahead of U.S. elections next year; Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet’s first 100 days in office; the Bangladesh National Party’s boycott of the upcoming 2024 Bangladesh parliamentary elections; and cautious optimism by Asian Indigenous and environmental groups for a newly launched loss and damage funds for climate-vulnerable nations.

November 27, 2023
November 27, 2023

This week, we look at the influx of Rohingya refugees on Aceh, Indonesia's shores; a South Korea court ruling ordering Japan to pay compensation to wartime comfort women; a Pakistani court declaring the jail trial of former Prime Minister Imran Khan illegal; and the impact of corruption on women and girls in the Asia-Pacific.

November 20, 2023
November 20, 2023

This week, we look at abusive conditions endured by Japanese women in prisons; signs of the possible downfall of the Myanmar junta; a Sri Lankan Supreme Court landmark ruling holding the Rajapaksa family responsible for the worst economic crisis that the country has faced; and a sober call to mark World Children’s Day.

November 13, 2023
November 13, 2023

This week’s edition takes a look at North Korea’s bellicose response to a South Korean court overturning a law that criminalized anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets; the degradation of Vietnam’s most recognizable heritage site; Nepal’s ban of Tiktok; and a sobering reality check for the Asia-Pacific region.

November 6, 2023
November 6, 2023

In this week's edition, we look at a renewed push from Washington to expand existing sanctions against Hong Kong officials; the poor conditions facing Afghan refugees fleeing Pakistan ahead of a Nov. 1 deportation order; Manila’s exit from China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative; and the continuing backslide of democracy worldwide for the sixth year in a row.

October 30, 2023
October 30, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Chinese President Xi Jinping urging women to have more babies; Indonesian President Joko Widodo’s moves to build a political dynasty; election-related violence exploding in Bangladesh; and calls to protect a mountain range that serves as the lifeline of a quarter of the world’s population.

October 23, 2023
October 23, 2023

In this edition, we look at renewed hopes for LGBTQI+ equality in Japan; a possible crime against humanity committed in Myanmar’s Kachin State; a decades-long fight for the disappeared in Sri Lanka; and renewed efforts to improve North Korea’s human rights record.

October 16, 2023
October 16, 2023

This week, we look at G7 chair Japan’s restrained response to the fresh Israeli-Palestinian conflict that broke out in Gaza last week; the removal of a national holiday that marked the Philippines’ transition to democracy; a Bangladeshi court granting bail to two of its most prominent activists; and continued resistance to China and Indonesia’s win at the U.N. Human Rights Council.

October 9, 2023
October 9, 2023

In this edition, we look at the consequences of the ongoing conflict in both Pakistan and Israel; how a Cambodian court denied three activists the chance to receive a prize for their environmental work; and how China's censors worked overtime to scrub the internet of a photograph.

October 2, 2023
October 2, 2023

This week, we look at the rise of anti-Muslim hate speech in India in the first half of the year; a “cult” in the Philippines that was revealed to have been victimizing young girls; the lifting of a ban on anti-Pyongyang propaganda for its unconstitutional restriction on free speech; and how human rights defenders across the world are facing reprisals for working with the U.N.

September 25, 2023
September 25, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at free speech in Southeast Asia, a gender equality quota in India’s house, the lese majeste law in Thailand, and the enduring effects of the Beijing-sponsored National Security Law in Hong Kong.

September 18, 2023
September 18, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Taiwan’s housing crisis, the ASEAN Air Chiefs Conference in Myanmar, freedom of information in Malaysia, and the questionable appointment practices of Pakistan’s caretaker government.

September 11, 2023
September 11, 2023

This week, we look at domestic worker rights in Macao, potential government complicity in Sri Lanka’s Easter bombings, ramping school surveillance in the Philippines, and China’s continued protest against the release of Fukushima wastewater.

September 4, 2023
September 4, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the upcoming G20 meeting, South Asia’s rapid descent into surveillance, starvation and secrecy in North Korea, and Hun Sen’s triumphant return to Facebook despite having demonstrably violated its policies.

August 28, 2023
August 28, 2023

In this edition, we will look at mounting anti-Christian violence in India and Pakistan, Hong Kong’s crackdown on artistic expression, the roster of Presidential candidates in Singapore, and the enduring problem of human trafficking in India.

August 21, 2023
August 21, 2023

In this week’s edition, we are looking at Taiwan’s weak cybersecurity, the state of disability equality in Nepal, Cambodia’s pro-business courts, and the challenges that humanitarian workers worldwide endure in the performance of their duties.

August 14, 2023
August 14, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s belligerence in the South China Sea, South Korea’s growing mental health problem, the Myanmar junta’s crimes against humanity, and the imminent implementation of Sharia law in Afghanistan.

August 7, 2023
August 7, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at China’s newest round of internet restrictions, Pakistan kowtowing to the IMF’s demands, the Sedition Act in Malaysia, and the climate injustice drowning large swathes of Asia.

July 31, 2023
July 31, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at youth extremism in Singapore, child sexual exploitation in Taiwan, Sri Lanka’s 40th year commemorations for Black July, and North Korea’s first foreign guest since the pandemic.

July 24, 2023
July 24, 2023

This week, we are looking at Cambodia’s sham elections, growing anti-trans hate in Japan, the royalist barrier stemming Thailand’s progressive wave, and Bangladesh’s worsening economic crisis.

July 17, 2023
July 17, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at the precarious situation in Myanmar, India’s achievements against poverty, Hong Kong’s ongoing crackdown on dissent, and the state of population control across Asia.

July 10, 2023
July 10, 2023

In this edition, we look at domestic violence in South Korea, the deteriorating peace situation in Sri Lanka, Cambodia’s vindictive ban on Meta’s Oversight Board members, and Japan’s plan to dump treated radioactive water from the Fukushima incident into the Pacific Ocean.

July 3, 2023
July 3, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at Laos’s environmental laws, the Philippines’ online casino-related human trafficking problem, Nepal’s recent ruling on same-sex marriage, and China’s new “education initiative” to sway public opinion toward reunification.

June 26, 2023
June 26, 2023

In this edition, we look at the ongoing U.N. Human Rights Council’s regular session, jail overcrowding in the Philippines, the formidable force of conservativism in Hong Kong, and online child sexual abuse in India.

June 19, 2023
June 19, 2023

In this edition, we look at Sri Lanka’s tightening grip on the media, Thailand’s growing tension with the throne, the dire state of migrant workers in Southeast Asia, and Japan’s dark history of eugenics.

June 12, 2023
June 12, 2023

In this week’s edition, we look at North Korea’s spiking suicide rate, Russia-China military drills, Afghanistan’s enduring and ironic dependence on international aid, and Vietnam’s energy crisis.

June 5, 2023
June 5, 2023

In this edition, we look at Pakistan’s tense negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, Indonesia’s crackdown on online speech, and China’s youth unemployment problem and unwillingness to engage in level-headed discussions over security matters in the region.

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